Tinjauan Sistematik Cemaran Mikroplastik di Indonesia

Abstract

Plastik memiliki banyak kelebihan tetapi sulit terurai dan penggunaannya relatif singkat sehingga terakumulasi menjadi sampah. Celakanya plastik telah mengalami degradasi menjadi mikroplastik (MP) dan tanpa sadar telah dikonsumsi selama bertahun-tahun oleh masyarakat Indonesia. MP menimbulkan risiko kesehatan bagi manusia sehingga pencegahan harus dilakukan. Oleh karena itu diperlukan penelusuran spesifik mengenai tingkat kontaminasinya dalam berbagai lokasi dan lingkungan, serta metode analisis yang diterapkan sebagai basis data yang reliabel dalam mengambil solusi. Tinjauan sistematik ini bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran kontaminasi MP ditinjau dari jumlah daerah yang tercemar, kondisi lingkungan dan sampel terkontaminasi, bentuk, jenis polimer, dan kadar yang ditemukan, serta metode analisis yang digunakan. Dalam pencarian literatur acuan, penelitian ini mengikuti panduan Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review (PRISMA) dan bersumber dari tiga basis data; Scopus, ResearchGate, dan Google Cendekia. Literatur yang diacu merupakan jurnal dan prosiding ilmiah internasional dan nasional dengan rentang penerbitan periode 2010-2022. Dari 1149 artikel yang terkumpul, diperoleh 168 artikel yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan digunakan untuk sintesis kualitatif. Studi MP paling banyak dilakukan di Pulau Jawa, yaitu di Provinsi Jawa Timur sebesar 33 studi. Tempat kontaminasi MP paling banyak berada di sungai dan muara sungai sebesar 50 studi dan sampel terkontaminasi paling banyak merupakan sampel sedimen sebesar 54 studi. Metode analisis MP terdiri dari tiga bagian, yaitu sampling, ekstraksi, dan identifikasi. Kuantifikasi MP dilakukan berdasarkan pada tiga parameter, yaitu bentuk, jenis polimer, dan kadar/konsentrasi. Bentuk MP yang paling banyak ditemukan merupakan bentuk fiber (94.1% studi). Jenis polimer MP yang ditemukan berjumlah 17 jenis, dengan jumlah yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah jenis Polyethylene (PE) (19.38% studi). Kelimpahan MP yang ditemukan di berbagai lingkungan diukur menggunakan 4 besaran unit, yaitu besaran jumlah partikel, volume, massa, dan besaran lainnya. Sampel yang memiliki jumlah partikel MP tertinggi masing-masing, yaitu sampel air sungai sebesar 1.714 x 10³ partikel dan sampel ikan sebesar 389 partikel/individu. Sampel yang memiliki jumlah partikel MP tertinggi per satuan unit massa masing- masing, yaitu sampel sedimen sebesar 3.63 x 107 partikel/kilogram sampel dan sampel ikan sebesar 4125 partikel/gram sampel. Sampel yang memiliki jumlah partikel MP tertinggi per satuan unit volume masing-masing, yaitu sampel air laut sebesar 4.44 x 10⁸ partikel/m³ dan sampel pangan olahan sebesar 8.05 x 107 partikel/liter sampel. Pada besaran lainnya, sampel tidak dapat dibandingkan karena memiliki unit pengukuran yang berbeda.

Plastic has many advantages but it is difficult to decompose and its use is relatively short so it accumulates into waste. Unfortunately, plastic has been degraded into microplastic (MP) and has been unknowingly consumed by Indonesian people for years. MP poses a health risk to humans so prevention must be taken. Therefore, specific investigations are needed regarding the level of contamination in various locations and environments, as well as analytical methods that are applied as a reliable database in taking solutions. This systematic review aims to provides an overview of MP contamination in terms of the number of polluted areas, environmental conditions and contaminated samples, form, type of polymer, and levels found, as well as the analytical method used. In reference to the literature search, this study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review (PRISMA) guidelines and was sourced from three databases; Scopus, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar. The referenced literature is international and national scientific journals and proceedings with a publication period of 2010-2022. Of the 1149 articles collected, 168 articles met the criteria and were used for qualitative synthesis. Most MP studies were carried out on the island of Java, namely in East Java Province with 33 studies. Most of the MP contamination sites were in rivers and river estuaries in 50 studies and the most contaminated samples were sediment samples in 54 studies. MP analysis method consists of three parts, namely sampling, extraction, and assistance. MP quantification was carried out based on three parameters, namely shape, type of polymer, and grade/concentration. The most common MP form was the fiber form (94.1% of studies). There were 17 types of MP polymer found, with the most common type being Polyethylene (PE) (19.38% of studies). The abundance of MP found in various environments is measured using 4 units of quantity, namely the number of particles, volume, mass, and other quantities. The samples that had the highest number of MP particles respectively, were river water samples of 1,714 x 10³ particles and fish samples of 389 particles/individual. The samples that had the highest number of MP particles per unit mass, respectively, were sediment samples of 3.63 x 107 particles/kilogram sample and fish samples of 4125 particles/gram sample. The samples that had the highest number of MP particles per unit volume, respectively, were sea air samples of 4.44 x 10⁸ particles/m³ and processed food samples of 8.05 x 107 particles/liter sample. On other quantities, samples cannot be compared because they have different units of measurement