Dampak Program Makan Bergizi Gratis terhadap Pendapatan Sektoral dan Distribusi Pendapatan Rumah Tangga di Indonesia

Abstract

Ketimpangan akses terhadap makanan bergizi menjadi salah satu penyebab utama tantangan ketahanan gizi di Indonesia. Untuk mengatasinya, pemerintah meluncurkan Program Makan Bergizi Gratis (MBG) yang bertujuan meningkatkan kualitas gizi masyarakat serta mendorong perekonomian lokal melalui pelibatan Usaha Mikro, Kecil, dan Menengah (UMKM). Penelitian ini menggunakan model Sistem Neraca Sosial Ekonomi (SNSE) untuk menganalisis implementasi dan dampak investasi MBG terhadap pendapatan sektoral dan distribusi pendapatan rumah tangga di Indonesia, melalui simulasi investasi sebesar Rp71 triliun pada sektor industri pengolahan makanan dan minuman. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa program MBG meningkatkan pendapatan seluruh sektor, terutama sektor pengolahan, pertanian, dan pemerintahan. Namun, peningkatan pendapatan antar kelompok rumah tangga masih menunjukkan kesenjangan yang kecil, sehingga belum signifikan dalam menurunkan ketimpangan. Selain itu, implementasi program masih menghadapi tantangan berupa kesiapan kelembagaan, penyerapan anggaran, pemenuhan standar gizi, serta distribusi di wilayah tertinggal, terdepan, dan terluar (3T). Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penguatan kapasitas pelaksana daerah, pelibatan UMKM dan petani lokal, serta alokasi fiskal yang tepat sasaran.

Inequitable access to nutritious food remains one of the main challenges in achieving food and nutrition security in Indonesia. To address this issue, the government launched the Free Nutritious Meal Program (MBG), aimed at improving the population’s nutritional quality while stimulating the local economy through the involvement of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). This study employs the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) based model to analyze the implementation and investment impact of MBG on sectoral income and household income distribution in Indonesia. A simulation was conducted by injecting an investment of IDR 71 trillion into the food and beverage processing industry. The results indicate that the MBG program increases income across all sectors, particularly in processing, agriculture, and government sectors. However, the rise in household income across different groups remains marginal, rendering the program ineffective in significantly reducing income inequality. Moreover, the program's implementation still faces challenges related to institutional readiness, budget absorption, nutritional standards, and distribution in disadvantaged, frontier, and outermost (3T) regions. Strengthening local institutional capacity, engaging MSMEs and local farmers, and ensuring targeted fiscal allocation are crucial to maximizing the program’s effectiveness.