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http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/159124| Title: | Karakteristik Fisikokimia dan Sifat Fungsional Tepung Kedelai, Konsentrat Protein Kedelai, Tepung Tempedan Konsentrat Protein Tempe |
| Other Titles: | Physicochemical Characteristics and Functional Properties of Soybean Flour, Soybean Protein Concentrate, Tempe Flour, and Tempe Protein Concentrate |
| Authors: | Yasni, Sedarnawati Astawan, Made Yalmaida, Nabila Az-Zahra |
| Issue Date: | 2024 |
| Publisher: | IPB University |
| Abstract: | Kedelai sebagai sumber protein nabati yang relatif murah dapat diolah
menjadi tempe melalui proses fermentasi. Namun, tempe memiliki umur simpan
yang pendek karena kadar air tinggi dan terjadi fermentasi lanjutan. Kedelai dan
tempe yang diolah menjadi tepung dan konsentrat protein dapat memperpanjang
umur simpan dan menambah pemanfaatannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk
membandingkan karakteristik fisikokimia dan sifat fungsional tepung kedelai (TK),
konsentrat protein kedelai (KPK), tepung tempe (TT), dan konsentrat protein tempe
(KPT), serta mengkaji potensi aplikasinya terhadap produk pangan. Bahan baku
berupa kedelai pecah kulit dan tempe diproses merujuk pada prosedur standar di
Rumah Tempe Indonesia. Kedelai pecah kulit dan tempe kemudian dikeringkan
dengan fluidized bed dryer lalu dilakukan pengecilan ukuran menggunakan pin disc
mill dan diayak menggunakan ayakan 60 mesh. Tepung kedelai dan tepung tempe
yang dihasilkan dihilangkan lemaknya dengan teknik maserasi menggunakan
pelarut heksana. Pada TK, KPK, TT, dan KPT yang dihasilkan kemudian dilakukan
analisis kimia, meliputi kadar air, abu, lemak, protein, karbohidrat, serat kasar dan
kapasitas antioksidan. Analisis sifat fisik dan sifat fungsional protein yang
dilakukan meliputi: rendemen, aktivitas air (aw) densitas kamba, sudut curah,
warna, whiteness index, daya serap air, daya serap minyak, kapasitas buih, dan
kapasitas emulsi. Tepung yang diolah menjadi konsentrat protein terbukti
memengaruhi karakteristik kimia terutama pada kadar lemak dan protein, serta
kapasitas antioksidan. KPK dan KPT memiliki kadar lemak (1.33 dan 2.26%) yang
lebih rendah dibandingkan TK dan TT (21.14 dan 24.52%). Kadar protein paling
tinggi terdapat pada KPT (68.80%) dan kapasitas antioksidan paling tinggi terdapat
pada TT (58.54 mg AEAC/100 g). Analisis fisik menunjukkan keempat sampel
memiliki warna, whiteness index, aktivitas air (aw), densitas kamba dan sudut curah
yang berbeda nyata (p<0.05). Karakteristik fisik pada tepung berbeda dengan
konsentrat protein yang disebabkan oleh perbedaan komposisi kimia, warna dan
butiran. Analisis sifat fungsional pada keempat sampel memiliki daya serap air,
daya serap minyak, kapasitas buih dan kapasitas emulsi yang berbeda nyata
(p<0.05). KPK dan KPT memiliki daya serap air, daya serap minyak dan kapasitas
buih yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan TK dan TT. Keempat sampel tidak memiliki
sifat emulsi yang baik sebagai emulsifier. Pemilihan jenis bahan dalam pembuatan
produk olahan pangan yang menggunakan TK, KPK, TT, dan KPT ditentukan oleh
beberapa faktor seperti kandungan gizi, sifat fisik, organoleptik dan sifat
fungsionalnya Soybeans as a relatively inexpensive source of plant-based protein can be processed into tempe through fermentation. However, tempe has a short shelf life due to the high moisture content and further fermentation. Processing soybeans and tempe into flour and protein concentrate can extend shelf life and incrase their utilization. This study aims to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics and functional properties of soybean flour (SF), soybean protein concentrate (SPC), tempe flour (TF), and tempe protein concentrate (TPC), and to assess their potential applications in food products. Raw materials including dehulled soybeans and tempe were processed following standard procedures at Rumah Tempe Indonesia. Dehulled soybeans and tempe were dried by using fluidized bed dryer, then size reduced by using pin disc mill and sieved through a 60 mesh sieve. Soy flour and tempe flour were defatted using maceration technique with hexane solvent. Chemical analyses of SF, SPC, TF, and TPC included moisture content, ash, fat, protein, carbohydrates, crude fiber, and antioxidant capacity. Physical and functional protein properties analyzed included yield, water activity (aw), bulk density, angle of repose, color, whiteness index, water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, foam capacity, and emulsion capacity. The flour processed into protein concentrate proven to affect chemical characteristics, especially fat content, protein content, and antioxidant capacity. SPC and TPC had lower fat content (1.33 and 2.26%, respectively) compared to SF and TF (21.14 and 24.52%, respectively). The highest protein content was found in TPC (68.80%), and the highest antioxidant capacity was found in TF (58.54 mg AEAC/100 g). Physical analysis among the four samples showed significant differences (p<0.05) in color, whiteness, water activity (aw), bulk density, and angle of repose. Physical characteristics of flour differed from protein concentrates due to chemical composition, color and granule size differences. Functional properties analysis among the four samples showed significant differences (p<0.05) in water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, foam capacity, and emulsion capacity. SPC and TPC exhibited higher water absorption, oil absorption, and foam capacity compared to SF and TF. None of the samples exhibited good emulsion properties as emulsifiers. The selection of materials for food products using SF, SPC, TF, and TPC is determined by several factors, such as nutritional content, physical properties, organoleptic characteristics, and functional properties |
| URI: | http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/159124 |
| Appears in Collections: | UT - Food Science and Technology |
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| File | Description | Size | Format | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| cover_F24190042_527b87db682040d4be4bb5b37e5b1198.pdf Restricted Access | Cover | 542.32 kB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
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