Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/122388
Title: Kajian Meta-Analisis Waktu Fermentasi terhadap Karakteristik Teh Kombucha
Other Titles: Meta-Analysis Studi of Fermentation Time on Kombucha Tea Characteristics
Authors: Giriwono, Puspo Edi
Prangdimurti, Endang
Agustin, Rina Dias
Issue Date: 2023
Publisher: IPB University
Abstract: Kesadaran akan pentingnya kesehatan semakin meningkat ditandai dengan semakin banyaknya masyarakat yang mulai melakukan pola hidup sehat, seperti lebih selektif dalam memilih jenis makanan ataupun minuman yang akan dikonsumsi. Akibatnya adalah minat terhadap pangan yang memiliki efek fnugsional juga semakin tinggi. Salah satu jenis minuman yang dikenal sejak lama memiliki efek positif bagi tubuh adalah teh. Selain dikonsumsi dalam bentuk seduhan, daun teh juga telah banyak dikembangkan menjadi minuman terfermentasi yang disebut dengan teh kombucha. Proses pembuatan teh kombucha sangat menentukan karakteristik produk akhir. Hasil tinjauan terhadap pustaka, cukup banyak penelitian yang melaporkan karakteristik minuman teh kombucha dengan kondisi proses fermentasi yang cukup beragam, salah satunya adalah lama waktu fermentasi yang digunakan. Hal tersebut menjadi sebuah tantangan apabila membandingkan hasil analisis karakteristik teh kombucha dari masing-masing artikel. Disisi lain hasil penelitian ilmiah diperlukan bagi produsen pemula sebagai panduan atau pedoman dalam mengambil kebijakan atau keputusan. Perlu dilakukan tinjauan secara sistematis dari studi yang komprehensif dengan metode meta-analisis sebagai bentuk ringkasan kuantitatif untuk memperoleh kesimpulan umum dan informatif mengenai pengaruh lama waktu fermentasi terhadap karakteristik kimia (kadar asam asetat, total acidity, kadar etanol, kadar flavonoid, dan total fenolik) dan aktivitas antioksidan teh kombucha. Prosedur penelitian kajian meta-analisis terdiri dari 7 tahapan, antara lain penyusunan pertanyaan penelitian, pencarian awal dan validasi ide, penentuan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi, pencarian bukti penelitian dengan strategi sistematis, seleksi dan pengelolaan proses pencarian, ekstraksi data, dan sintesis kuantitatif. Teh kombucha hasil fermentasi selama 7 hari berperan sebagai kelompok kontrol, sedangkan kelompok eksperimen yang digunakan yaitu teh kombucha yang difermentasi selama 8-14 hari. Hedges’ d dari Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) merupakan effect size yang dipilih sebagai metode sintesis kuantitatif, sedangkan random effect merupakan model yang digunakan untuk memperoleh nilai effect size kumulatif. Software yang digunakan untuk mendukung proses penelitian yaitu Microsoft Excel, OpenMEE, Web Plot Digitizer, dan Meta-Essential tools. Hasil yang diperoleh dari sintesis kuantitatif disajikan dalam bentuk grafik forest plot. Hasil pencarian artikel pada 6 database yang berbeda (PubMed, Proquest, Science Direct, Wiley Online Library, Google Scholar, dan Springer Link) diperoleh sebanyak 1.437 artikel yang berpotensi sebagai bahan kajian meta-analisis. Setelah dilakukan seleksi berdasarkan judul, abstrak, artikel duplikasi, dan relevansi isi, diperoleh sebanyak 53 artikel dalam bentuk full text untuk diseleksi lebih lanjut. Kemudian, sebanyak 43 artikel tidak memiliki kelengkapan data kuantitatif, tidak melakukan pengamatan hari ke 7, dan menggunakan bahasa asing selain Bahasa Inggris, sehingga terpilih 10 artikel sebagai bahan kajian meta-analisis. Terdapat 6 parameter teh kombucha yang masuk dalam kajian meta-analisis, antara lain kadar asam asetat, total acidity, kadar flavonoid, total fenolik, kadar etanol, dan aktivitas antioksidan. Seluruh parameter memiliki nilai SMD kumulatif >0,8, sehingga dapat dinyatakan bahwa lama waktu fermentasi berpengaruh kuat terhadap karakteristik kimia dan aktivitas antioksidan teh kombucha. Nilai effect size kumulatif, 95% CI, p value, nilai heterogenitas, dan nilai bias publikasi (Nfs) dari seluruh parameter secara berturut-turut berkisar antara 0,98 s.d. 12,63; 1,66 s.d.8,26; <0,001 s.d. 0,732; 57,62 s.d. 89,40; dan 0 s.d. 473. Nilai SMD kumulatif paling tinggi ditunjukkan oleh parameter kadar asam asetat, yaitu sebesar 12,63 dengan p value 0,003, sehingga lama fermentasi selama 8-14 hari secara signifikan memberikan pengaruh paling kuat terhadap peningkatan kadar asam asetat teh kombucha. Analisis subgrup dilakukan untuk mengetahui sumber atau penyebab tingginya nilai heterogenitas yang diperoleh. Faktor-faktor di luar faktor utama seperti konsentrasi sukrosa diduga berpengaruh terhadap parameter yang diamati sehingga dipilih untuk dilakukan analisis subgrup. Hasil analisis subgrup menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan konsentrasi sukrosa (<10% dan 10%) berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kadar flavonoid dan asam asetat teh kombucha, yang ditunjukkan dengan p between pada kedua parameter bernilai <0,05, yaitu sebesar 0,015. Hasil kajian meta-analisis menyimpulkan bahwa lama waktu fermentasi berpengaruh kuat terhadap karakteristik kimia (kadar asam asetat, kadar etanol, kadar flavonoid, total fenolik, dan total acidity) dan aktivitas antioksidan teh kombucha. Proses fermentasi selama 8-14 hari secara signifikan meningkatkan kadar asam asetat dan total acidity teh kombucha sehingga memiliki kadar asam asetat dan total acidity yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan hasil fermentasi selama 7 hari. Namun teh kombucha yang difermentasi selama 7 hari secara signifikan memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang lebih tinggi. Hasil analisis lanjutan menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi sukrosa berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kadar flavonoid dan asam asetat teh kombucha, sedangkan jenis teh tidak memberikan pengaruh signifikan terhadap karakteristik kimia dan aktivitas antioksidan. Kata kunci: aktivitas antioksidan, karakteristik kimia, meta-analisis, teh kombucha
Awareness of the importance of health is increasing, marked by more and more people starting to adopt a healthy lifestyle, such as being more selective in choosing the type of food or drink they will consume. As a result, interest in food with functional effects is also increasing. One type of drink that has been known for a long time to have a positive effect on the body is tea. Apart from being consumed as a decoction, tea leaves have also been widely developed into a fermented drink called kombucha tea. The process of making kombucha tea very determines the characteristics of the final product. As a result of a literature review, quite a number of studies have reported the characteristics of kombucha tea drinks with various fermentation process conditions, one of them is the length of time the fermentation used. It’s a challenge when comparing each article’s analysis results of the kombucha tea characteristics. On the other hand, the results of scientific research are needed for novice producers as a guide or guide in making policies or decisions. It is necessary to carry out a systematic review of comprehensive studies using the meta-analysis method as a form of quantitative summary to obtain general and informative conclusions about the effect of fermentation time on chemical characteristics (acetic acid level, total acidity, ethanol level, flavonoids level, and total phenolic) and antioxidant activity of kombucha tea. The meta-analysis research procedure consists of 7 stages, including preparation of research questions, initial search and validation of ideas, determination of inclusion and exclusion criteria, search for research evidence with a systematic strategy, selection and management of the search process, data extraction, and quantitative synthesis. The kombucha tea fermented for 7 days served as the control group, while the experimental group used was kombucha tea fermented for 8-14 days. Hedges' d from Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) is the effect size chosen as the quantitative synthesis method. Random effect is a model used to obtain cumulative effect size. The software used to support the research process is Microsoft Excel, OpenMEE, Web Plot Digitizer, and Meta-Essential tools. The results obtained from the quantitative synthesis are presented in the form of forest plots. The results of the article search process in 6 different databases (PubMed, Proquest, Science Direct, Wiley Online Library, Google Scholar, and Springer Link) obtained 1,437 articles that could be used as material for meta-analysis studies. After selecting based on title, abstract, duplication of articles, and content relevance, 53 full-text articles were obtained for further selection. Then, as many as 43 articles did not have complete quantitative data, did not make observations on day 7, and use foreign language other than English, so 10 articles were selected as a material for meta-analysis. There were 6 parameters of kombucha tea included in the meta-analysis study, including acetic acid level, total acidity, flavonoids level, total phenolics, ethanol level, and antioxidant activity. All parameters have a cumulative SMD value of >0.8, so it can be stated that the duration of fermentation time strongly affects the chemical characteristics and antioxidant activity of kombucha tea. The cumulative effect size, 95% CI, p-value, heterogeneity value, and publication bias value (Nfs) of all parameters ranged respectively from 0.98 to 12.63; 1.66 to 8.26; <0.001 to 0.732; 57.62 to 89.40; and 0 to 473. The highest cumulative SMD value was indicated by the acetic acid content parameter, which was 12.63 with a p-value of 0.003, so the duration of fermentation for 8-14 days significantly had the strongest effect on increasing the acetic acid content of kombucha tea. Subgroup analysis was conducted to determine the source or cause of the high heterogeneity value. Factors other than the main factors, such as sucrose concentration was thought to have an effect on the observed parameters, so it was selected for subgroup analysis. The results of the meta-analysis showed that differences in sucrose concentrations (<10% and 10%) had a significant effect on the levels of flavonoids and acetic acid in kombucha tea, as indicated by the p between for both parameters having a value of <0.05, which is equal to 0.015. The results of the meta-analysis study concluded that the duration of fermentation time strongly affected the chemical characteristics (levels of acetic acid, ethanol, flavonoids, total phenolic, and total acidity) and antioxidant activity of kombucha tea. The fermentation process for 8-14 days significantly increased the acetic acid content and total acidity of kombucha tea so that it had higher acetic acid levels and total acidity than the 7 days fermentation. However, kombucha tea which was fermented for 7 days had significantly higher antioxidant activity. The results of further analysis showed that sucrose concentration had a significant effect on the levels of flavonoids and acetic acid in kombucha tea, while tea did not have a significant effect on chemical characteristics and antioxidant activity. Keywords: antioxidant activity, chemical characteristics, kombucha tea, meta-analysis.
URI: http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/122388
Appears in Collections:MT - Agriculture Technology

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