Produksi bibit kelapa kopyor true to type dengan Persilangan terkontrol dan peningkatan produksi Buah kopyor dengan polinator lebah madu

Abstract

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan produksi buah kopyor melalui perbaikan teknik budidaya, memanfaatkan lebah madu sebagai polinator, dan mendapatkan metode produksi benih true to type kelapa hibrida kopyor melalui persilangan terkontrol. Perbaikan teknologi budidaya kelapa kopyor dilakukan dengan pengaturan drainase lokasi pertanaman, pengaturan jarak tanam, pemupukan dan pengendalian hama kelapa. Integrasi budidaya lebah madu lokal (Aphis serana) diintroduksikan di lokasi pertanaman kelapa kopyor sebagai polinator. Persilangan terkontrol untuk menghasilkan benih true to type kelapa hibrida kopyor dilakukan pada tiga varietas kelapa Genjah Kopyor (heterosigot kopyor) asal Pati, Jawa Tengah, dengan serbuk sari kelapa kopyor hasil kultur embryo (homosigot kopyor). Pengamatan data dasar (baseline) untuk penelitian perbaikan teknik budidaya dan integrasi lebah madu meliputi rata-rata jumlah buah total dan rata-rata jumlah buah kopyor per tandan saat dimulai penelitian, selanjutnya diamati setelah 6 bulan dan 12 bulan kemudian. Untuk penelitian persilangan terkontrol diamati jumlah bunga betina dan jumlah buah jadi umur 1 sampai 3 bulan, jumlah buah normal dan buah kopyor saat panen umur 10–11 bulan kemudian. Hasil produksi buah total kelapa Genjah kopyor saat ini menga lami penurunan akibat fenomena ‘nglakani’dan kondisi pertanaman yang terlalu dekat antar tanaman kelapa kopyor. Rata-rata buah pertandan sebanyak 1–7 butir dengan jumlah buah kopyor 1–3 butir. Melalui perbaikan teknik budidaya dan integrasi lebah madu sebagai polinator dapat meningkatkan jumlah buah total dan jumlah buah kopyor. Kemudian melalui persilangan terkontrol dihasilkan peningkatan jumlah buah kopyor per tandan dan dihasilkan buah normal yang dapat digunakan sebagai benih true to type yang pasti menghasilkan bibit kopyor heterosigot yang akan menghasilkan buah kopyor jika ditanam di lapangan.

The objectives of this research are: (1) to increase Kopyor fruit production through improved cultivation techniques and integration of honeybees as pollinators, and (2) to produce true-to-type seeds to obtain 100% heterozygotes hybrid Kopyor coconut through controlled crosses. Improve cultivation techniques are conducted by improving drainage, adjusting plant spacing, fertilization and pest control. Improve polination is conducted by integrating honey bees as pollinators in coconut plantation. Controlled crosses to produce true to type hybrid coconut seeds was done using three Pati Dwarf Kopyor coconut (heterosigot kopyor coconut) using pollen of harvested from tissue culture derived kopyor palms (homosigot kopyor coconut). Results of first year experiment were baseline data for total and kopyor fruit production of selected palm used in the improved cultivation studies and the honey bee as effective pollinators. The observed data include average of total fruits and the average of kopyor fruits per bunch at the start of the study, at 6 months and 12 months later. For controlled pollination studies, the number of female flowers and the number of fruit at 1 to 3 months, the number of harvested normal fruit and kopyor fruts after pollination were recorded. Results of observation indicated majority of kopyor palms existed in Pati were experiencing 'nglakani' and the fruit production was generally decreased. Average fruit per bunch ranged from 1–7 fruits while the number of kopyor fruits ranged from 1–3. Improved cultivation techniques applied were to solve some of that problem. Integration of honey bees as pollinators is expected to increase total number of normal and kopyor fruits. Controlled pollination is expected to increase the percentage of kopyor fruit production. Moreover, results of controlled pollination should produce true-to-type kopyor coconut seedlings.