A Story of Carbohydrates in Plants: From a Basic Concept to Advanced Technology

Abstract

Carbohydrates are crucial to natural macromolecules in plants. Carbohydrates can be a substrate to produce energy and gene expression regulator for plant growth in entire plant life cycle (Hill, 1998; KE Koch, 1996; Smeekens, 2000; Smeekens et al., 2010). The carbohydrate function is strongly related to its capability to be transformed from one substance into others (MacNeill et al., 2017; Ruhland & Wolf, 1936) (Fig. 1) especially being able to provide building blocks for most of essestial constituents in plant such as amino acid, fatty acid and some other compounds (Smeekens, 2000). Carbohydrate is primary final product of photosynthesis in green plants (Blechschmidt-Schneider et al., 1989). Plants produce carbohydrates from free C02 in the air and H20 taken by roots which is for each carbohydrate product, 02 will be released (Baslam et al., 2021). Long time ago, photosynthesis was broadly thought in the school consisted of two major reactions: light and dark reaction and it was inspired by a historical report in photosynthesis by Blackman in 1905 (Blackman, 1905). Later, the carbon reaction replaced dark reaction when some important fact was revealed about photosynthesis reaction light dependency. ...