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      Analisis Keragaman Morfologi dan Genetik Nibung (Oncosperma tigillarium (Jack) Ridl.) serta Pemodelan Habitat Potensialnya di Pesisir Provinsi Riau

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      Date
      2025
      Author
      Novela, Deti
      Chikmawati, Tatik
      Djuita, Nina Ratna
      Fitmawati
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      Abstract
      Nibung (Oncosperma tigillarium (Jack) Ridl.) merupakan salah satu jenis palma yang banyak ditemukan di wilayah pesisir, khususnya di Provinsi Riau. Spesies ini memiliki peran penting dalam kehidupan sosial, budaya, dan ekonomi masyarakat pesisir Riau. Saat ini populasi semakin menurun di habitat aslinya akibat eksploitasi langsung dari alam. Selain itu, degradasi ekosistem dan alih fungsi lahan menjadi faktor utama yang mengancam kelangsungan hidup populasi nibung di Provinsi Riau. Kondisi ini menjadikan kegiatan pengumpulan plasma nutfah nibung sebagai hal yang mendesak supaya dapat ditentukan strategi konservasinya. Kajian mengenai variasi genetik nibung dilakukan melalui pendekatan morfologi dan molekuler. Untuk mendukung upaya pelestarian nibung, analisis MaxEnt terhadap faktor lingkungan digunakan untuk menghasilkan peta prediksi sebaran nibung. Tujuan utama penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis keanekaragaman nibung berdasarkan penanda morfologi dan ISSR (inter-simple sequence repeats), menyusun peta distribusi aktual, serta memprediksi habitat yang sesuai untuk nibung di wilayah pesisir Provinsi Riau. Kegiatan eksplorasi dan inventarisasi dilakukan di tiga kabupaten pesisir, yaitu Kabupaten Bengkalis, Kabupaten Kepulauan Meranti, dan Kabupaten Siak. Sebanyak 72 aksesi nibung berhasil dikoleksi dan teridentifikasi 29 karakter pembeda antaraksesi. Proses amplifikasi dilakukan menggunakan enam primer ISSR. Data morfologi dan molekuler disusun dalam bentuk matriks untuk dianalisis menggunakan analisis komponen utama (Principal Component Analysis/PCA) dan pembuatan dendrogram dengan metode Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Average (UPGMA) melalui perangkat lunak NTSys versi 2.20. Seluruh sampel daun nibung diekstraksi menggunakan Geneaid Genomic DNA Mini Kit (Plant). Analisis struktur populasi dilakukan dengan GenAlex versi 6.501. Data koordinat titik persebaran nibung dikumpulkan menggunakan GPS, lalu dianalisis bersama 19 variabel bioklimatik dari database WorldClim menggunakan perangkat lunak MaxEnt, dan divisualisasikan dalam bentuk peta menggunakan QGIS versi 3.43.3. Dendrogram berbasis karakter morfologi menunjukkan pembagian tiga kelompok aksesi dengan tingkat kemiripan antara 44–100%. Karakter pembeda utama di antaranya adalah lingkar batang, panjang dan lebar pelepah, tangkai daun, anak daun, seludang bunga luar dan dalam, panjang rakila, serta jumlah rakila. Ciri kualitatif terbatas pada perbedaan warna batang, warna bekas pelepah daun, dan bentuk duri. Kelompok I memiliki karakter kuantitatif sedang dan dikenal masyarakat sebagai “nibung padi”, kelompok II dengan ukuran kecil dikenal sebagai “nibung udang”, dan kelompok III yang memiliki ukuran paling besar dikenal sebagai “nibung gajah”. Analisis menggunakan 53 pita hasil amplifikasi ISSR juga menghasilkan tiga kelompok utama dengan koefisien kemiripan 60–100%, yang cenderung mencerminkan lokasi geografis asal aksesi. Kelompok I terdiri atas aksesi asal Kabupaten Bengkalis dan Kepulauan Meranti, kelompok II berasal dari populasi Kabupaten Bengkalis, dan kelompok III terdiri atas tiga aksesi asal Kabupaten Siak. Analisis variasi molekuler (AMOVA) menunjukkan bahwa keragaman genetik dalam populasi (69%) lebih tinggi dibandingkan antar populasi (31%). Indeks Informasi Shannon (0,19) dan indeks keragaman genetik Nei (0,13) menunjukkan bahwa tingkat keragaman genetik nibung di wilayah pesisir Provinsi Riau tergolong rendah. Walaupun demikian, data ini sangat penting sebagai dasar perencanaan konservasi dan pengelolaan sumber daya genetik nibung secara berkelanjutan. Pemodelan habitat dengan MaxEnt menunjukkan bahwa wilayah dengan potensi sebaran tinggi berada di Kabupaten Bengkalis. Model prediksi tersebut menunjukkan nilai AUC sebesar 0,993, yang menandakan performa model sangat baik. Dua faktor lingkungan utama yang mempengaruhi keberadaan nibung di kawasan pesisir adalah radiasi matahari dan curah hujan. Lokasi optimal untuk pertumbuhan nibung berada pada area dengan intensitas radiasi matahari sebesar 18.000–19.000 kJ/m²/hari di bulan Maret, 15.300–16.000 kJ/m²/hari di bulan September, serta 13.600–14.200 kJ/m²/hari di bulan Desember. Curah hujan optimal berkisar antara 80–140 mm. Wilayah dengan kondisi lingkungan tersebut sangat sesuai dijadikan sebagai lokasi konservasi dan budidaya nibung secara berkelanjutan.
       
      Nibung (Oncosperma tigillarium (Jack) Ridl.) is a palm species commonly found in coastal areas, particularly in Riau Province. This species plays a crucial role in the social, cultural, and economic lives of the coastal communities in the region. Currently, its population is declining in its natural habitat due to direct exploitation of the environment. Additionally, ecosystem degradation and land use conversion are the primary factors threatening the survival of nibung populations in Riau Province. This condition makes the collection of nibung germplasm an urgent priority in determine appropriate conservation strategies. The study of its genetic variation was carried out using both morphological and molecular approaches. Such information is essential for conservation, breeding programs, and cultivation development activities. To support nibung conservation efforts, MaxEnt analysis of environmental factors was used to generate a predictive map of nibung distribution. The main objectives of this study were to profile nibung diversity based on morphological markers and Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR), compile an actual distribution map, and predict suitable habitats for nibung in the coastal areas of Riau Province. Exploration and inventory activities were conducted in three coastal districts, namely Bengkalis District, Meranti Islands District, and Siak District. A total of 72 nibung accessions were successfully collected and 29 distinguishing characters between accessions were identified. Amplification was performed using six ISSR primers. Morphological and molecular data were compiled into matrices for analysis using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and dendrogram construction with the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Average (UPGMA) through NTSys software version 2.20. All nibung leaf samples were extracted using the Geneaid Genomic DNA Mini Kit (Plant). Population structure analysis was performed using GenAlex version 6.501. The coordinate data of nibung distribution points were collected using GPS, then analyzed along with 19 bioclimatic variables from the WorldClim database using MaxEnt software and visualized as maps using QGIS version 3.43.3. The dendrogram based on morphological characteristics showed three groups of accessions with similarity levels between 44–100%. The main distinguishing characteristics included stem circumference, leaf sheath length and width, leaf stalk, leaflets, outer and inner flower bracts, rachilla length, and number of rachilla. Qualitative characteristics were limited to variations in stem color, leaf sheath color, and spine shape. Group I which exhibits moderate quantitative characteristics is locally referred to as “nibung padi”. Group II, characterized by a smaller size, is known as “nibung udang”. Group III, the largest, is known as “nibung gajah”. Analysis using 53 ISSR amplification bands also yielded three main groups with similarity coefficients ranging from 60 to 100%, which tend to reflect the geographical origin of the accessions. Group I consists of accessions from Bengkalis District and Meranti Islands, Group II originates from the population of Bengkalis District, and Group III comprises three accessions from Siak District. Molecular variation analysis (AMOVA) showed that genetic diversity within populations (69%) was higher than between populations (31%). The Shannon Information Index (0.19) and Nei's genetic diversity index (0.13) indicated that the level of genetic diversity of nibung in the coastal areas of Riau Province was relatively low. Nevertheless, this data is very important as a basis for conservation planning and sustainable management of the nibung genetic resources. Habitat modeling with MaxEnt revealed that areas with high distribution potential are in Bengkalis District. The prediction model yielded an AUC value of 0.993, indicating excellent model performance. The two main environmental factors influencing the presence of nibung in coastal areas are solar radiation and rainfall. The optimal location for nibung growth is in areas with solar radiation intensity of 18,000–19,000 kJ/m²/day in March, 15,300–16,000 kJ/m²/day in September, and 13,600–14,200 kJ/m²/day in December. The optimal rainfall ranges from 80–140 mm. Areas with such environmental conditions are highly suitable for sustainable nibung conservation and cultivation.
       
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      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/170232
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