Aktivitas antihiperglikemik dari ekstrak buah mahkota dewa [Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl.] sebagai inhibitor alfa-glukosidase in vitro dan in vivo pada tikus putih

Abstract

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor is an oral antidiabetes for use in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The antihyperglycemic activity of alpha-glucosidase inhibitor resulted from a competitive, reversible inhibition of hydrolase enzymes, pancreatic alpha-amylase and intestinal digestion enzymes (i.e., isomaltase, sucrase and maltase) which hydrolyzed dietary carbohydrates to glucose and other monosaccharides. In diabetic patients, inhibition of these enzymes result in a delayed glucose absorption and a lowering of postprandial hyperglycemia. The purpose of this research is to study the antihyperglycemic activity of the fruit extracts of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff) Boerl. as alpha glucosidase inhibitor by in vitro and in vivo experiments. The research is performed in several steps: fractionation and extraction of the ripe and unripe fruits, phytochemistry test of the fruit extracts, alpha-glucosidase inhibition test by in vitro experiment, toxicity test of the fruit extracts by using BSLT method and antihyperglycemic activity test by in vivo experiment with Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) in the white rats. The alpha-glucosidase inhibition test in vitro is performed by using alphaglucosidase enzyme and substrate p-nitrophenyl α-D-glucopyranosa. The result of these experiment showed that n-butanol fraction extract of the ripe and unripe fruits have the highest activity followed by ethyl acetate fraction extract, methanol extract and water extract from the boiled of the ripe and unripe fruits. The water fraction extract of ripe and unripe fruits do not have any significant inhibition activity. Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method used the shrimp larvas of Artemia salina Leach to study the mortality effect that caused by the fruit extracts of phaleria macrocarpa. The data obtained was analyzed by using Sam’s method. Based on the LC50 value from the result of BSLT method, the unripe fruit extracts are more toxic than the ripe fruit extracts, with the highest toxicity is methanol extract followed by ethyl acetate fraction extract, boiled water extract and n-butanol fraction extract. In the antihyperglycemic activity test by in vivo experiment is used fifteen rats which are divided into three treatment groups: the positive control group which is given Acarbose drug, the treatment group which is given the water extract from the boiled ripe fruit and the treatment group which is given the n-butanol fraction extract of ripe fruit. The result of this experiment indicated that giving the water extract from the boiled ripe fruit with dose of 6.20 x 10-4 mg/ g rat and 1.24 x 10-3 mg/ g rat and the n-butanol fraction extract of ripe fruit with dose of 1.81 x 10-3 mg/ g rat and 3.62 x 10-3 mg/ g rat decreased the blood glucose concentration of rats after giving 80% w/v sucrose solution treated rats, that were comparable to those of Acarbose with dose of 1.00 x 10-3 mg/ g rat as the positive control. The conclusion of this research is the n-butanol fraction extract of the ripe and unripe fruits of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff) Boerl. have the highest antihyperglycemic activity by in vitro experiment to inhibition of alpha-glucosidase enzyme and by in vivo experiment in the white rats showed that antihyperglycemic activity from the n-butanol fraction extract of the ripe fruit is the same as the water extract from the boiled ripe fruit and Acarbose as the positive control.