Studi Ergonomika pada Penanganan Hasil Panen Sayuran di Dataran Tinggi dengan Pendekatan Studi Waktu dan Beban Kerja
Abstract
Lahan pertanian di Indonesia tergolong luas dan sebagian penduduknya bermata pencaharian sebagai petani. Salah satu komoditasnya yaitu sayur-sayuran. Dalam proses budidayanya, terdapat beberapa permasalahan yang menyebabkan produktivitas tenaga kerjanya rendah, salah satunya pada proses penanganan hasil panen. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menghitung dan menentukan waktu baku, tingkat beban kerja, laju konsumsi energi, serta jumlah dan distribusi tenaga kerja ideal yang dibutuhkan pada proses penanganan hasil panen sayur di dataran tinggi. Untuk mencapai tujuan digunakan studi ergonomika melalui pendekatan studi waktu dan beban kerja. Elemen kerja terdiri dari pemungutan panen, pengumpulan panen, pemuatan karung, pengikatan karung, serta pemindahan karung. Total waktu baku satu siklus penanganan hasil panen sayur 51,04 menit/kwintal. Tingkat beban kerja tergolong pekerjaan sedang, berat, hingga sangat berat. Nilai laju konsumsi energi berkisar antara 2,18 hingga 3,04 kkal/menit. Berdasarkan analisis ergonomika jumlah tenaga kerja ideal untuk menyelesaikan satu siklus penanganan hasil panen sayur ekuivalen dengan 93 orang dengan asumsi target produksi 400 kwintal per ha dan waktu kerja efektif 4,5 jam/hari. Untuk pendistribusian pada masing-masing elemen kerja yaitu untuk elemen kerja pemungutan panen dan pengikatan karung masing-masing sebanyak 10 orang, pengumpulan panen sebanyak 25 orang, pemuatan karung sebanyak 19 orang, serta pemindahan karung sebanyak 29 orang. Agricultural land in Indonesia is relatively large and some of the population makes a living as farmers. One of the commodities is vegetables. In the cultivation process, there are several problems that cause low labor productivity, one of which is the process of handling crops. The purpose of this study is to calculate and determine the standard time, workload level, energy consumption rate, as well as the ideal amount and distribution of labor needed in the process of handling vegetable crops in the highlands. To achieve the goal of ergonomics studies are used through the approach of time and workload studies. The working elements consist of harvesting, harvesting collection, sack loading, sack fastening, as well as sack removal. The total raw time of one cycle of handling vegetable crops is 51.04 minutes / quintal. The level of workload is classified as medium, heavy, to very heavy work. The value of the energy consumption rate ranges from 2.18 to 3.04 kcal/min. Based on ergonomic analysis, the ideal amount of labor to complete one cycle of handling vegetable crops is equivalent to 93 people assuming a production target of 400 quintals per ha and an effective working time of 4.5 hours / day. For distribution on each work element, namely for the work element of harvesting and binding sacks of 10 people each, harvesting collection of 25 people, loading of sacks as many as 19 people, and moving sacks as many as 29 people.