Arahan Keberlanjutan Desa Tambang di Kabupaten Bangka Barat
Abstract
Kabupaten Bangka Barat adalah wilayah strategis bagi pertambangan
timah di Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung. Wilayah ini adalah salah satu pusat
pertambangan timah dan tempat berdirinya pabrik peleburan timah terbesar di
Indonesia. Dinamika pertambangan timah ini tidak hanya bisa dilihat dalam
lingkup kabupaten saja, tetapi justru harus ditelusuri dari akarnya yakni desa.
Desa adalah satuan wilayah yang berhadapan langsung dengan dinamika tambang
timah dengan segala dampak ikutannya. Keberadaan tambang di desa telah
terbukti meningkatkan pendapatan masyarakat. Namun, di sisi lain tambang juga
menyebabkan degradasi lahan, hilangnya keanekaragaman hayati dan
meningkatkan potensi konflik sosial. Situasi ini menjadi tantangan serius bagi
desa tambang dalam mewujudkan keberlanjutan desa seiring dengan semakin
menipisnya cadangan timah.
Penelitian ini bertujuan: (1) menganalisis potensi daya dukung lingkungan
berbasis jasa ekosistem di Kabupaten Bangka Barat; (2) menganalisis status
keberlanjutan desa tambang di Kabupaten Bangka Barat; (3) menyusun arahan
dan strategi keberlanjutan pada desa tambang di Kabupaten Bangka Barat. Daya
dukung lingkungan dianalisis menggunakan spatial ecosystem service
assessments melalui scoring and simple additive weighting terhadap 3 parameter
yaitu landform, natural vegetation, dan land use/land cover (LULC) dengan fokus
pada jasa ekosistem penyediaan air dan pangan. Status keberlanjutan desa
tambang diidentifikasi melalui metode Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA) dengan flag
analysis. Analisis deskriptif dilakukan untuk menyusun arahan dan strategi
keberlanjutan pada desa tambang di Kabupaten Bangka Barat.
Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa Kabupaten Bangka Barat memiliki jasa
ekosistem penyediaan air yang didominasi oleh kelas sedang (61,53%) dan
selebihnya kelas rendah (24,89%) dan tinggi (11,35%). Hal ini mengindikasikan
bahwa Kabupaten Bangka Barat memiliki potensi penyediaan air terbatas. Di sisi
lain, hasil analisis jasa ekosistem penyedian pangan menunjukkan dominasi kelas
tinggi (53,07%) dan sisanya kelas rendah (20,63%) dan sedang (19,03%). Hal ini
mengindikasikan bahwa Kabupaten Bangka Barat memiliki potensi penyediaan
pangan kategori baik.
Dari analisis status keberlanjutan, muncul indikasi kurang berkelanjutan
pada 5 indikator dari 13 indikator yang mencakup dimensi ekonomi sosial dan
lingkungan di desa tambang. Indikator yang berpotensi menyebabkan
ketidakberlanjutan desa tambang adalah persentase rumah tangga tani, persentase
penduduk 20 tahun ke atas yang lulus SMA sederajat, jumlah tenaga kesehatan,
persentase balita stunting, indeks jasa ekosistem penyediaan air, dan persentase
lahan kritis.
Upaya mendorong keberlanjutan desa tambang tidak hanya dibebankan
kepada perusahaan tambang saja tetapi juga terkait dengan pemangku kepentingan
lain terutama pemerintah daerah. Keterlibatan masyarakat lokal juga merupakan
kekuatan penting dalam mempromosikan keberlanjutan desa. Penelitian ini
merekomendasikan beberapa kebijakan untuk mewujudkan keberlanjutan desa
tambang di Kabupaten Bangka Barat. Pertama, mendorong strategi penghidupan
alternatif (multiple livelihood income) berdasarkan potensi wilayah dan
kemampuan masyarakat. Kedua, optimalisasi pendidikan kesetaraan dan pelatihan
keahlian bagi angkatan kerja produktif. Ketiga, layanan dokter keliling secara
periodik dan pemanfaatan teknologi informasi yang terhubung dengan Poskedes
(Pos Kesehatan Desa). Keempat, optimalisasi program ketahanan pangan meliputi
ketersediaan, keterjangkauan, dan akses pangan bergizi. Kelima, identifikasi dan
optimalisasi sumber daya air potensial (kolong bekas penambangan). Keenam,
percepatan program reklamasi lahan kritis terutama pada kawasan bekas tambang
dengan melibatkan masyarakat. West Bangka Regency is a strategic area for tin mining in the Bangka
Belitung Islands Province. This area is one of the centers of tin mining and the site
of the largest tin smelting plant in Indonesia. The dynamics of tin mining can not
only be seen within the regency area but must be traced from its origins, that's the
village. A village is a regional unit that is directly dealing with the dynamics of tin
mining with all its associated impacts. The existence of mining in the village has
been proven to increase the community‟s income. However, on the other hand,
mining also causes land degradation, loss of biodiversity, and increases the
potential of social conflict. This situation becomes a serious challenge for mining
villages in realizing village sustainability along with the depletion of tin reserves.
This study aimed to: (1) analyze the environmental carrying capacity
environmental of the West Bangka Regency on the ecosystem services (2) analyze
the sustainability status of mining villages in the West Bangka Regency; (3)
formulate the directions and strategies for sustainability in mining villages in the
West Bangka Regency. Environmental carrying capacity was analyzed using
spatial ecosystem service assessments through scoring and simple additive
weighting of 3 parameters, i.e. landform, natural vegetation, and land use/land
cover (LULC), and only focus on water and food provision aspects. The
sustainability status of the mining villages was identified through the MultiCriteria Analysis (MCA) method with a flag analysis. Descriptive analysis was
conducted to construct the mining village sustainability directions and strategies
in the West Bangka Regency.
The analysis result showed that the ecosystem services of water provision in
West Bangka were dominated by medium class (61,53%), and the rest are low
(24,89%) and high (11,35%) classes. This indicated that the West Bangka
Regency has limited water supply potential. On the other hand, the ecosystem
services for food provision were dominated by the high class (53,07%), and the
rest are low class (20,63%) and medium class (19,03%). This indicated that the
West Bangka Regency potentially has a good carrying capacity for food supply.
Based on the analysis of the sustainability status, the mining villages are
indicated less sustainable in 5 of the 13 indicators on the economic, social, and
environmental dimensions. The indicators that have the potential to cause the
mining village to be unsustainable are the percentage of farming households, the
percentage of 20 years old population or over who have graduated from high
school or equivalent, the number of health workers, the percentage of stunted
children under five years old, the water supply ecosystem service index, and the
percentage of degraded land.
The effort to encourage the sustainability of mining villages is not only the
responsibility of mining companies but also related to other stakeholders,
especially the local governments. The involvement of local communities is also
important to promote village sustainability. This study recommends several
policies to exteriorize the sustainability of mining villages in the West Bangka
Regency: first, by encouraging multiple livelihood incomes based on regional
potential and community capabilities; second, optimizing the equality of
education and training of skills for productive workforce; third, launching mobile
doctor services periodically and utilizing information technology that connects to
the village‟s health center (Poskesdes); fourth, optimizing food security programs
including the availability, affordability, and access to nutritious food; fifth,
identifying and optimizing the potential water sources (mining voids); and sixth,
accelerating the reclamation program for degraded land, especially in ex-mining
areas, by involving the community.
Collections
- MT - Agriculture [3683]