Arahan Keberlanjutan Desa Tambang di Kabupaten Bangka Barat

Abstract

Kabupaten Bangka Barat adalah wilayah strategis bagi pertambangan timah di Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung. Wilayah ini adalah salah satu pusat pertambangan timah dan tempat berdirinya pabrik peleburan timah terbesar di Indonesia. Dinamika pertambangan timah ini tidak hanya bisa dilihat dalam lingkup kabupaten saja, tetapi justru harus ditelusuri dari akarnya yakni desa. Desa adalah satuan wilayah yang berhadapan langsung dengan dinamika tambang timah dengan segala dampak ikutannya. Keberadaan tambang di desa telah terbukti meningkatkan pendapatan masyarakat. Namun, di sisi lain tambang juga menyebabkan degradasi lahan, hilangnya keanekaragaman hayati dan meningkatkan potensi konflik sosial. Situasi ini menjadi tantangan serius bagi desa tambang dalam mewujudkan keberlanjutan desa seiring dengan semakin menipisnya cadangan timah. Penelitian ini bertujuan: (1) menganalisis potensi daya dukung lingkungan berbasis jasa ekosistem di Kabupaten Bangka Barat; (2) menganalisis status keberlanjutan desa tambang di Kabupaten Bangka Barat; (3) menyusun arahan dan strategi keberlanjutan pada desa tambang di Kabupaten Bangka Barat. Daya dukung lingkungan dianalisis menggunakan spatial ecosystem service assessments melalui scoring and simple additive weighting terhadap 3 parameter yaitu landform, natural vegetation, dan land use/land cover (LULC) dengan fokus pada jasa ekosistem penyediaan air dan pangan. Status keberlanjutan desa tambang diidentifikasi melalui metode Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA) dengan flag analysis. Analisis deskriptif dilakukan untuk menyusun arahan dan strategi keberlanjutan pada desa tambang di Kabupaten Bangka Barat. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa Kabupaten Bangka Barat memiliki jasa ekosistem penyediaan air yang didominasi oleh kelas sedang (61,53%) dan selebihnya kelas rendah (24,89%) dan tinggi (11,35%). Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa Kabupaten Bangka Barat memiliki potensi penyediaan air terbatas. Di sisi lain, hasil analisis jasa ekosistem penyedian pangan menunjukkan dominasi kelas tinggi (53,07%) dan sisanya kelas rendah (20,63%) dan sedang (19,03%). Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa Kabupaten Bangka Barat memiliki potensi penyediaan pangan kategori baik. Dari analisis status keberlanjutan, muncul indikasi kurang berkelanjutan pada 5 indikator dari 13 indikator yang mencakup dimensi ekonomi sosial dan lingkungan di desa tambang. Indikator yang berpotensi menyebabkan ketidakberlanjutan desa tambang adalah persentase rumah tangga tani, persentase penduduk 20 tahun ke atas yang lulus SMA sederajat, jumlah tenaga kesehatan, persentase balita stunting, indeks jasa ekosistem penyediaan air, dan persentase lahan kritis. Upaya mendorong keberlanjutan desa tambang tidak hanya dibebankan kepada perusahaan tambang saja tetapi juga terkait dengan pemangku kepentingan lain terutama pemerintah daerah. Keterlibatan masyarakat lokal juga merupakan kekuatan penting dalam mempromosikan keberlanjutan desa. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan beberapa kebijakan untuk mewujudkan keberlanjutan desa tambang di Kabupaten Bangka Barat. Pertama, mendorong strategi penghidupan alternatif (multiple livelihood income) berdasarkan potensi wilayah dan kemampuan masyarakat. Kedua, optimalisasi pendidikan kesetaraan dan pelatihan keahlian bagi angkatan kerja produktif. Ketiga, layanan dokter keliling secara periodik dan pemanfaatan teknologi informasi yang terhubung dengan Poskedes (Pos Kesehatan Desa). Keempat, optimalisasi program ketahanan pangan meliputi ketersediaan, keterjangkauan, dan akses pangan bergizi. Kelima, identifikasi dan optimalisasi sumber daya air potensial (kolong bekas penambangan). Keenam, percepatan program reklamasi lahan kritis terutama pada kawasan bekas tambang dengan melibatkan masyarakat.

West Bangka Regency is a strategic area for tin mining in the Bangka Belitung Islands Province. This area is one of the centers of tin mining and the site of the largest tin smelting plant in Indonesia. The dynamics of tin mining can not only be seen within the regency area but must be traced from its origins, that's the village. A village is a regional unit that is directly dealing with the dynamics of tin mining with all its associated impacts. The existence of mining in the village has been proven to increase the community‟s income. However, on the other hand, mining also causes land degradation, loss of biodiversity, and increases the potential of social conflict. This situation becomes a serious challenge for mining villages in realizing village sustainability along with the depletion of tin reserves. This study aimed to: (1) analyze the environmental carrying capacity environmental of the West Bangka Regency on the ecosystem services (2) analyze the sustainability status of mining villages in the West Bangka Regency; (3) formulate the directions and strategies for sustainability in mining villages in the West Bangka Regency. Environmental carrying capacity was analyzed using spatial ecosystem service assessments through scoring and simple additive weighting of 3 parameters, i.e. landform, natural vegetation, and land use/land cover (LULC), and only focus on water and food provision aspects. The sustainability status of the mining villages was identified through the MultiCriteria Analysis (MCA) method with a flag analysis. Descriptive analysis was conducted to construct the mining village sustainability directions and strategies in the West Bangka Regency. The analysis result showed that the ecosystem services of water provision in West Bangka were dominated by medium class (61,53%), and the rest are low (24,89%) and high (11,35%) classes. This indicated that the West Bangka Regency has limited water supply potential. On the other hand, the ecosystem services for food provision were dominated by the high class (53,07%), and the rest are low class (20,63%) and medium class (19,03%). This indicated that the West Bangka Regency potentially has a good carrying capacity for food supply. Based on the analysis of the sustainability status, the mining villages are indicated less sustainable in 5 of the 13 indicators on the economic, social, and environmental dimensions. The indicators that have the potential to cause the mining village to be unsustainable are the percentage of farming households, the percentage of 20 years old population or over who have graduated from high school or equivalent, the number of health workers, the percentage of stunted children under five years old, the water supply ecosystem service index, and the percentage of degraded land. The effort to encourage the sustainability of mining villages is not only the responsibility of mining companies but also related to other stakeholders, especially the local governments. The involvement of local communities is also important to promote village sustainability. This study recommends several policies to exteriorize the sustainability of mining villages in the West Bangka Regency: first, by encouraging multiple livelihood incomes based on regional potential and community capabilities; second, optimizing the equality of education and training of skills for productive workforce; third, launching mobile doctor services periodically and utilizing information technology that connects to the village‟s health center (Poskesdes); fourth, optimizing food security programs including the availability, affordability, and access to nutritious food; fifth, identifying and optimizing the potential water sources (mining voids); and sixth, accelerating the reclamation program for degraded land, especially in ex-mining areas, by involving the community.