Kajian Prevalensi dan Faktor Risiko Penyakit Tuberkulosis pada Sapi Perah di Wilayah Bogor serta Pengembangan Media Kultur Mycobacterium bovis.

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most wide-spread infectious disease all over the world, commonly caused by infection of organism which is a member of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). MTBC is a group of pathogens that exacts devastating tolls on human morbidity and mortality, and inflicts damaging economic losses on world agriculture. Zoonotic tuberculosis could be a major threat for public health, but there is no prior information of zoonotic TB incidence in cattle and the risk factors in cattle in Indonesia. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (BTB); to identify factors associated with BTB infection; to measure the strength of association between the risk factors and BTB infection; to detect Mycobacterium bovis as a causal of TB in dairy cattle by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method; to develop and evaluate the ability of culture media modified Ogawa agar (MOA) for M. bovis cultivation, in comparison with available culture media, i.e. Löwenstein Jensen (LJ) and modified Ogawa (MO). This research was a cross-sectional study, conducted by sampling the cattle in Kawasan Usaha Peternakan/KUNAK (dairy farm region center), in Bogor District, and in Kebon Pedes (Bogor City). The single intradermal tuberculin test was conducted in all sampling cattle using Bovituber®PPD. The risk factors associated with BTB infection were identified by using a questionnaire through interview with the cattle owners/farmers. Considering proportion of cattle population, the number of sampling cattle in KUNAK was 166 cattle (50 farms) and 36 cattle (10 farms) in Kebon Pedes. The overall cattle prevalence of BTB was 21.78% (CI 95% 16.09-27.47%). Risk factors statistically significant in this study were altitude <340 m above sea level/masl (OR 3.721, CI 95% 1.642-8.433), air temperature >28 °C (OR 2.573, CI 95% 1.077-6.145), and light intensity <15 W m-2 (OR 2.749, CI 95% 1.204- 6.275). Current method, such as multiplex PCR, could be the best alternative strategy to differentiate M. bovis from M. tuberculosis. From 202 dairy cattle tested with single intradermal tuberculin test, 44 dairy cattle were positive. From 44 dairy cattle which were positive against tuberculin test, 44 faeces samples, 44 nasal swab samples, 43 milk samples were obtained. Sputum samples of 24 farmers were also obtained, from farms where the tuberculin test was positive in dairy cattle. Mycobacterium bovis were found in 8 faeces samples, 4 nasal swab samples, 9 milk samples. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was found in one farmer’s sputum sample. Three dairy cattle were positive of M. bovis in two kind of samples, i.e. faeces and milk samples. The farmer who was positive of M. tuberculosis, came from farm where the cattle was found positive of M. bovis in faeces sample. Examination by mycobacterial culture provides the only definitive diagnosis of TB, nevertheless commercially ready-to-use culture media for M. bovis are rarely available. Suspension of 105 cfu/ml M. bovis and M. phlei in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) was inoculated to media LJ, MO and MOA, 0.1 ml each. Five tubes each media. Mycobacterium phlei grew in every medium since day 4. Mycobacterium bovis grew in media LJ and MO since day 17, but failed to grow in medium MOA. The recovery rate of M. phlei in LJ and MOA were significantly different. The ability of MOA to cultivate M. phlei was different from LJ. Colonies of M. phlei in MOA were easier to be harvested, much simpler to prepare and more feasible than medium LJ. The recovery rate of M. bovis in media LJ and MO were not significantly different, but medium MO were much simpler to prepare and more feasible than medium LJ. Medium MOA were able to cultivate M. phlei, but proven unable to cultivate M. bovis in this research. TB in cattle was found in Indonesia, and zoonotic TB should be alerted as a potential threat to public health. Zoonotic TB could be a major threat for public health due to direct contact between cattle and the owner or farmer, and pasteurization in milk is still not well implemented.