Nunukan Chicken In Tarakan Island As Germplasm Of Kalimantan Timur Province

Abstract

Nunukan chicken is local chicken which has the potential to be developed. Some advantages nunukan chicken is specific coat color, hair growth is slow so it fits in the hot area, and more efficient in the metabolism of proteins containing sulfur (cystine and methionine), and nunukan chicken was superior on body weight gain and production eggs then general local chicken. Studies on the characteristics of nunukan chicken will provide additional information as a reference to conserve, utilization, and development of nunukan chicken, therefore the purpose of this study was to characterize the nunukan chicken in Tarakan Island on phenotypic characteristics of qualitative and quantitative trait as the basis for development and advancement. Methods of observation and data collection was done directly. Qualitative trait of the observations made on nine traits, namely: shape comb, beak color, ear color, shank color, skin color, hair color, hair pattern, flicker feathers and feather patterns. Quantitative trait measurements used digital calipers, ruler, measuring tape, digital scales, and a rope, which was at 20 traits, consisting of: beak length, beak wide, thick beak, head length, head width, comb height, comb width, thickness comb, body weight, body length, chest circumference, long backs, long wings, long neck, wide pelvis, femur length, tibia length, length of shank (metatarsus), shank circumference, and length of the third finger, and egg characteristics: egg weight, egg length, egg width, yolk weight, weight of egg white, egg yolk percentage, percentage of egg white, egg shell color, and shell weights. Farmer characteristics observed by filling the questionnaire and interview with the farmers. Characteristics of qualitative traits of nunukan chicken was analyzed by descriptive statistical methods. Gene frequency was calculated based on Hardy-Weinberg law. Quantitative trait characteristics between the samples of nunukan chicken was tested using t-student test to determine any differences between locations. T-student test performed using Minitab software version 14.0. Hotteling T2 test done to know the difference between chicken populations among study sites, and followed by principal component analysis (AKU). The analysis of the AKU, the trait of body weight were not included in the analysis process. Analyses were performed using Minitab software version 14.0. Farmer characteristics were analyzed by descriptive statistical methods. The characteristics of qualitative properties of nunukan chicken relatively similar for all sampling sites, namely single comb, beak and shank color yellow, reddish-brown fur with columbian pattern. Alleged genotype based on phenotype livestock was pp ZIdZ- ZIdW ii ee ZsZs ZsW ZbZb ZbW, and white eggshell color (prpr). The characteristics of quantitative traits on males nunukan chickens, there were 13 properties that are significantly different between sites (beak width, thick beak, head width, comb wide, thickness comb, body weight, body length, back length, wing length, neck length, femur length, shank circumference, and the third finger length), whereas in females nunukan chicken there are only two real different properties, that was beak width and shank length, indicating that on the quantitative trait, the male nunukan chicken is more varied than in the female. The characteristics of egg significantly different on eggshell thickness, while the other parameters there was not difference between sites. Characteristics of nunukan chicken eggs in Tarakan Island was somewhat different than the results reported by other researchers, however, it was not differ significantly. The number of nunukan chicken population in Tarakan Island was 155 heads in the Middle Tarakan (32.26% sexual maturity), 245 heads in East Tarakan (42.86% sexual maturity), and 940 heads in West Tarakan (34.26% sexual maturity). Generally, percentage of effective population was high, which was worth more than 85% at each location. It was 92% in the Middle Tarakan, 86.67% in East Tarakan, and 87.57% in the West Tarakan. Inbreeding Increase was quite low (0.17%) for the whole chicken, with the smallest value in the West Tarakan (0.32%) and greatest in the Middle Tarakan (1.08%). Identifier of body size on male nunukan chicken was the body length, and identifier on body shape was the wing lenght. Whereas on female nunukan chicken, identifier of body size was the chest circumference, and identifier on body shape was the body length. The farmer of nunukan chicken on the Tarakan Island was numbered 16 person. Farmers spread in three districts, namely Central Tarakan (three farmers), East Tarakan (four farmers), and West Tarakan (nine farmers). Most of the farmers were in the productive age with experience raising high enough. All farmers breed the nunukan chicken only as a sideline. The conclude is nunukan chicken in Tarakan Island was not different between other locations, with the characteristics of the qualitative nature was a single comb, beak and shank are yellow, reddish-brown fur for males and for females with reddish yellow columbian pattern, and wing feathers and tail feathers in males and females do not grow perfectly, with genotype assesment was pp ZIdZ- ZIdW ii ee ZsZs ZsW ZbZb ZbW. Quantitative phenotypic trait variability between sites male chicken was still high, while the female was more uniform, there are 13 different quantitative traits between locations on male chicken, and two traits on female chicken.