Dampak kebijakan pengembangan kedelai terhadap kinerja dan kesejahteraan konsumen dan produsen kedelai di Indonesia

Abstract

Soybean is one of the major food commodities. It is a food crop that is rich in protein and it has an important role as a plant nutrients protein source that can improve people’s nutrition. Soybean demand that keeps increasing cannot be complied with domestic production, instead of the fact that Indonesia used to be a self-relying soybean country in 1992. However, the production then decreased gradually until 2010, so finally it must be imported greatly. The big amount of imported soybean is enhanced by the change of soybean business, namely the existence of free trade so that there is a lot of imported soybean with reasonable prices. Imported soybean has made farmers reluctant to grow soybean seeds. This is because local soybean is not competitive enough to imported soybean, seen from the viewpoint of price as well as quality. Farmers feel they do not have any incentive for growing soybean, so that their welfare becomes lower, especially when there is no guarantee during the great harvest. The general objective of this research is analyzing impact of soybean development policy on supply, demand changes and soybean consumer and producer welfare in Indonesia. Methods: The survey was conducted on time-series datas between 1981 to 2010. Data were analyzed using a simultaneous equation model and parameter was estimated using the two stage least squares (2SLS) method that applies SAS/ETS (Statistical Analysis System/Econometric Time Series) program Versi 9.1 for Windows. Conclusions: Soybean production in Indonesia is strongly influenced by the price of soybeans at the farm level, prices of production facilities especially urea fertilizers and soybean seeds, labor wage and soybean imports in which these factors are influential through changes in the increase of crop acreage and soybean productivity. Soybean crop area width is very responsive to changes in prices or wages of agricultural labor both in short term and long term while soybean productivity is less responsive to its constituent factors. One of simulation policies was to increase soybean price in producer level at 35 percent, it would stimulate farmers to increase harvested area, soybean production and farmers welfare. Implications of Policies to increase soybean production, the government should formulate policies that will provide benefits to both producers and consumers. Policies that are partially formulated will not benefit both parties, but only one party. To encourage farmers to increase their production, government policies must not only provide a subsidy of production facilities but also give guarantees in price during harvest time because at this time the bargaining power of farmers is very low. Price protection policy is aiming at output price stability that will determine the farmers’ income, which in turn will change their welfare.