Efektivitas fungi mikoriza arbuskula pada penggunaan pupuk fosfor alami dan pengaruhnya terhadap pertumbuhan, biomassa dan produksi asiatikosida pegagan (Centella asiatica L. Urban) di Andosol

Abstract

Consumer demands for safe and healthy food require more advanced agricultural production that is free of chemical contaminant and heavy metals harmful for health. Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) as biological agent in several species of plants are now starting to get much attention. AMF are very important which is involved in various biogeochemical of nutrients in order to ensure plant fitness as well as terrestrial ecosystem stability. Currently, it is important to find the alternative materials that can be used as sources of phosphorus due to the need of lower cost, environmentaly friendly, and easily available. Rock phosphate and cow bone meal are some of the natural materials that can be used as a phosphorus sources alternative. Public interest increased to medicines derived from natural products including asiatic pennywort (Centella asiatica L. Urban), and required the availability of adequate of raw material supplies and quality. Cultivation of raw material to produce standardized of asiatic pennywort is not known completely, so its need research support. This dissertation is based on four experiments with the main objective was to find the role of AMF and its relation to the use of natural phosphorus fertilizer on growth, development, biomass, and asiaticoside production of asiatic pennywort. Results of the researches showed that many different types of AMF spores extracted from rhizosphere of asiatic pennywort. Symbiosis AMF with asiatic pennywort was quite compatible that is indicated by high to very high root colonization relatively, and the effectiveness to increase yield and nutrient uptake of N, P, K. Isolates mixture of AMF was more effective than single spores in increasing biomass of asiatic pennywort. Rock phosphate and cow bone meal are the source of natural P that are potential to substitute for synthetic fertilizers, especially on acid soils. Inoculation of AMF increased leaf dry weight, shoot dry weight, and total dry weight by 14.7, 17.1, and 18.0% respectively. Inoculation of AMF significantly increased the growth, nutrient uptake, biomass, and asiaticoside content of asiatic pennywort. Different inoculation timing of AMF did not significantly affect all the variables of growth, development, and plant biomass, but increased asiaticoside production. Timing of inoculation at seedling stage and transplanting resulted on the highest leaf dry weight, shoot dry weight, and total dry weight 4.88 g, 15.22, and 18.05 g plant-1 or increased 77.6, 70.1, and 88.2% respectively, than without AMF (control) plants. Rock phosphate and cown bone meal did not significantly affect growth, development, and plant biomass but provide positive effect on the high roots colonization of AMF 79.4 and 82.0% respectively, than control.