Ecology and Economic Analysis of the Effect Coral Bleaching on Fish Resources (Case Study Karimunjawa National Park, Central Java Province).

Abstract

The 1998 mass bleaching that occurred, called attention. In addition, the ecosystem effects related to bleaching are just beginning to be investigated. The ecology impact of mass coral bleaching are theoretically known, and much less is known about the socioeconomic impacts. For the coastal developing countries, the most important socioeconomic considerations of the mass bleaching events are likely to be fisheries. Impacts on fisheries will become apparent as changes occur to the reef structure and consequently, the reef fisheries could collapse, affecting millions of small-scale fishermen. Studies undertaken in response to the 1997-98 bleaching event provide the estimates of such impacts, and better planning of effective responses. This research is conducted at Karimunjawa Archipelago on Maret 2010. Analysis showing that living reef coral cover decrease from 53% to 27% and have correlation with anomaly of sea surface temperature (R = 0.66 - 0.98). From 4 group of fish, show only 2 of fish decrease and associated with bleaching are Serranidae (t=20.41) and Caesionidae (t=22.59). Significant losses was estimated base on revenue of the fisherman. Understanding and anticipating fisherman behaviour will enable governments to changing strategies and retaining fisheries. Coral bleaching has not been able to decrease community income and refers to optimistic scenario. Community participation and regulation have high contribution on factors that influence the success of coral reef management. In order to manage the coral reef ecosystem, we should make priority to manage ecological and community specially the local genuine adaptive management and policy communities that significantly enhance the effectiveness of response from coral bleaching.

Pemutihan karang merusak sekitar 18% dari luas karang dunia (Hughes et al. 2007 dan diperkirakan akan terjadi setiap tahun pada tahun 2030 (Hoegh-Guldberg 1999). Pemutihan karang memberikan efek terhadap ekologi dan ekonomi, seperti penurunan populasi ikan (Cole et al. 2009), hilangnya spesies ikan (Pratchett et al. 2008), Ciquatera fish poisoning (Susan & Christoper 1992) dan penurunan produksi ikan dan pendapatan nelayan (Cesar 2000). Bagi Indonesia, sebagai negara yang bergantung pada kekayaan alam, peristiwa coral bleaching akan menjadi permasalahan serius. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah (1) mengidentifikasi adanya pemutihan karang di Taman Nasional Karimunjawa, (2) menganalisis kondisi ekologi dan ekonomi nelayan sebelum dan sesudah terjadinya coral bleaching dan (3) menyusun strategi pengelolaan berbasis mitigasi dan adaptasi. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Maret - Mei di Kepulauan Karimunjawa. Penilaian ekologi dilakukan dengan melihat status terumbu karang dan sumberdaya ikan sebelum peristiwa pemutihan karang (1997), saat pemutihan karang (1999) dan sesudah pemutihan karang (2002). Profil suhu dianalisis dengan software ODR Ver 3.2 dan komparasikan dengan data tutupan karang sehingga akan diketahui adanya anomali suhu perairan. Analisis kecenderungan sumberdaya ikan dilakukan terhadap 4 kelompok ikan yang berasosiasi dengan terumbu karang yaitu : (1) ekor kuning (Caesionodae), (2) kerapu (Serranidae), (3) kakap (Lutjanidae), dan (4) kakak tua (Scaridae). Pendugaan efek coral bleaching terhadap ekonomi, dilakukan perhitungan prakiraan keuntungan ekonomi dan pendapatan nelayan. Penyusunan strategi pengelolaan dilakukan untuk menghasilkan alternatif pengambilan keputusan yang terbaik melalui analisis multi criteria decision making (MCDM) dan analisis prospektif.