Kajian Parameter Keberadaan Vektor Penyakit Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) Menggunakan Dukungan Penginderaan Jauh (Remote Sensing) di Kota Pontianak

Abstract

Penyakit Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat, umumnya terjadi di daerah perkotaan namun saat ini juga sudah menyebar sampai daerah pedesaan, dengan sirkulasi serotype virus beragam dan endemik khususnya di negara-negara tropis dan subtropis seperti Indonesia. Hampir semua wilayah di Indonesia mempunyai resiko untuk terjangkit penyakit DBD, sebab baik virus dengue penyebab maupun nyamuk Aedes aegypti sebagai vektor penularnya sudah tersebar luas di perumahan penduduk maupun fasilitas umum diseluruh Indonesia. Penginderaan jauh (remote sensing) berupa citra satelit mampu menyajikan kenampakan permukaan bumi sesuai dengan kenampakan sebenarnya di lapangan sehingga beberapa parameter lingkungan yang berpengaruh terhadap habitat perkembangbiakan vektor nyamuk Aedes aegypti dan Aedes albopictus sebagai penular penyakit DBD seperti suhu, kelembaban relatif, curah hujan, badan air, penutupan lahan vegetasi, ketinggian tempat, pola perumahan, dan kepadatan pemukiman dapat disadap dan diinterpretasi. Melalui analisis data kondisi lingkungan yang diperoleh dengan dukungan teknologi penginderaan jauh satelit, dan mengintegrasikannya dengan data hasil survey lapangan, diharapkan akan dapat diperoleh informasi tentang intensitas penularan DBD di suatu wilayah tertentu. Peranan penginderaan jauh (remote sensing) sangat besar di dalam sistem informasi data dan pengelolaannya serta diharapkan dapat membantu memecahkan masalah-masalah kesehatan yang terkait erat dengan lingkungan, melalui tiga macam pendekatan, yakni pendekatan keruangan (spasial), kelingkungan (ekologis), dan kewilayahan (regional).

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) transmission dynamic is naturally influenced by fluctuating environmental conditions that could be locally specific even at the level of urban areas. Remote sensing technology is increasingly recognized as a powerful tool to scan DHF endemic areas and could be used to monitor DHF vectors fluctuation and the related biogeographical environment. A study was conducted to estimate the DHF transmission intensity in four endemic distric in Pontianak urban areas West Borneo. The estimation was based on environmental condition and the most of the data were obtained through remote sensing using the satellite IKONOS and NOAA. The study subjects were the environmental conditions of the urban areas considered as the risk factors for DHF transmission. Data were collected either through field observations and remote sensing. Data set was analyzed with the discriminant analysis module using the SPSS 17.0. The results of the study showed that there were predictor variables of the environment risk factors should be considered in the estimation of DHF transmission intensity in certain DHF endemic distric. Those variables included: (1) air temperature, (2) mosquito vector density, (3) relative humidity and (4) building density. Linear discriminant function was obtained to predict the incidence of DHF outbreak. Applying this model, DHF transmission intensity in certain distric could be estimated with a high accuracy. The result showed that the assessment model could be built following the formula:Y = 237.490 + 113.474 x (vector) – 121.828 x (temperature) – 98.999 x (relative humidity) + 78.782 x (building) that could be as high accuracy as 90.9 %.