Substitution of soybean meal (Glycine max) with kapok seed meal (Ceiba petandra) in diet for juvenile of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei): studied of histology, enzymatic and body fatty acid composition

Abstract

Kapok seed is a source of plant protein that can be used as a source of protein shrimp feed. However, kapok seeds contain gossypol and cyclopropene fatty acids as a nutrition factor, which could interfere the function of hepatopancreas, digestive enzymes and body fat composition. The study was conducted in 3 stages. The first experiment of the research: a five-level treatment of kapok seed (KS) were 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and commercial feed. The second the experiment: five-level treatment of kapok seed oil (KSO) were 0%, 6%, 12%, 18%, and commercial feed. Each treatment was repeated 3 times. Shrimp maintained in aquaria at a density of 10 individuals/aquarium. Each diet was feed to juvenile shrimp to satiation four times daily. Parameters evaluated from these two studies was the survival rate, the amount of feed consumed, the activity of digestive enzymes (protease, lipase and amylase), gossypol and cyclopropenne fatty acids content, body fatty acid composition and histology of hepatopancreas. The results of the first and second experiment showed that shrimp fed diets containing KS and KSO has hepatopancreas damaged, decreased digestive enzyme activities, which ended with the death of shrimp, decreased palatability, and changed in fatty acid composition content of the body. The third phase of the experiment: seven treatments of kapok seed meal (KSM) were 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 15%, 20% (previously heated KSM), each treatment was repeated 3 times. Shrimp maintained in the aquaria at a density of 10 individus/aquarium. Each diet was feed to juvenile shrimp to satiation four times daily. Parameters evaluated, namely the relative growth, survival rate, the amount of feed consumed, the digestive enzyme activity, body fatty acid composition, protein and fat retention and histology of hepatopancreas. The results showed that shrimp fed contains more than 5% KSM has hepatopancreas damaged, decreased digestive enzyme activities, decreased palatability and changed in fatty acid composition content of the body. From the research results can be concluded that the treatment of KS and KSO in the diet can affect the activity of digestive enzymes, damaged hepatopancreas, and body fatty acid composition as well as the survival rate of juvenile vanamei’s shrimp; Substituted soybean meal with KSM can be given up to a limit of 5%.

Usaha yang sudah dilakukan selama ini untuk mencari kandidat dari bahan nabati pengganti tepung ikan adalah tepung bungkil kedele. Hal ini disebabkan tepung bungkil kedele memiliki nilai nutrisi yang baik hampir menyerupai tepung ikan. Hingga saat ini tepung bungkil kedele masih diimpor dari beberapa Negara dan harganya cenderung meningkat selama satu decade terakhir. Oleh karena itu perlu dicari bahan sumber protein nabati alternative yang memiliki kualitas seperti halnya tepung bungkil kedele, harganya lebih kompetitif, berbasis hasil samping industry lokal dan tersedia secara berkesinambungan. Bungkil biji kapuk merupakan salah satu sumber protein nabati dari hasil pengolahan minyak biji kapuk yang dapat digunakan sebagai sumber protein pakan udang. Keterbatasan dari biji kapuk adalah mengandung zat antinutrien gosipol dan asam lemak siklopropenat. Gosipol bebas dan asam lemak siklopropenat dapat mengganggu fungsi hepatopankreas, fungsi enzim pencernaan dan komposisi lemak tubuh. Oleh karena itu dilakukan penelitian tentang Substitusi Tepung Bungkil Kedele Glycine max dengan Tepung Bungkil Biji Kapuk Ceiba petandra dalam Pakan Juvenil Udang Vaname Litopenaeus vannamei : Kajian Histologi, Enzimatik dan Komposisi Asam Lemak Tubuh