Analysis of demand for fish in indonesia: a cross-sectional study

Abstract

This study aimed at determining various factors affecting fish consumption patterns of Indonesian households, analyzing demand for fish by four fish categories, estimating income and price elasticities for the different fish categories according to income groups, and formulating policy directions to increase consumption of fish. Household consumption/expenditure data collected by Central Beaureu of Statistics in 2008 were used in this study. Fish were categorized into four groups namely fresh fish, fresh shrimp/others, preserved fish, and preserved shrimp/others. Multistage budgetting approach method with QUAIDS (Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System) model was used in this study. Results show that most of Indonesian prefer to consume fresh fish rather than preserved fish and fresh shrimp. The biggest fish consumption was in Sulawesi and Maluku, while the lowest one was in Java. Fresh fish was favourable consumed by urban households rather than rural households. The biggest share of fish expenditure allocated for fresh fish (55 percent), followed by preserved fish (40 percent), fresh shrimp (4 percent) and preserved shrimp (1 percent). Parameter estimates of the QUAIDS model of the fish demand systems were significantly different from zero with 67.3% coefficient determination. Expenditure elasticity of fish to total food for all income categories were bigger than one (elastic); it indicated that the higher household expenditure the lower the expenditure elasticity would be. Expenditure elasticity indicates that fresh fish is a necessity good, while fresh shrimp, preserved fish/shrimp are luxury goods. Price elasticity for fresh fish and preserved fish were negative for all income categories (inelastic); while price elasticity for preserved shrimp/others was unitary. Cross price elasticity showed that for lower household’s income group, fresh fish was highly substituted for preserved fish but highly complemented by fresh shrimp. For the higher household’s income group, most of all type of commodities were not associated, but fresh fish was highly subtituted for fresh shrimp. Projection of fish consumption in period 2009 to 2014 shows that government target to fish consumption in 2014 valued 38 kilogram/caput/year is overestimated than projection valued 36.3 kilogram/caput/year. If it is assumed that price and income elasticity constant, the target of fish consumption in 2014 can be reached by decreasing price growth rather than increasing income growth. Other policy and strategy needed to increase fish consumption is to improve knowledge of the society regarding with the importance of consuming fish through counseling, education, and public service as GEMARIKAN done. In addition, because of the distribution of consumption and production of fish was not homogenous, policy and strategy interventions related to marketing is also required.

Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pola konsumsi dan kontribusi produk ikan terhadap pola konsumsi penduduk, menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi permintaan produk ikan penduduk Indonesia, menduga elastisitas harga dan pendapatan beberapa kelompok ikan, serta merekomendasikan opsi kebijakan yang diperlukan untuk mendukung peningkatan konsumsi ikan masyarakat Indonesia berdasarkan proyeksi tingkat konsumsi ikan. Data yang digunakan adalah data SUSENAS 2008 modul konsumsi rumahtangga Indonesia yang dilakukan oleh Badan Pusat Statistik. Jenis ikan yang dianalisis adalah kelompok ikan segar, ikan awetan, udang/hewan lain yang segar dan udang/hewan air lain yang diawetkan. Variabel wilayah perdesaan/perkotaan, serta jumlah anggota rumah tangga diperhitungkan pula dalam penelitian ini. Metode multistage budgetting approach dengan model QUAIDS (Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System) digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar penduduk Indonesia di berbagai wilayah lebih banyak mengkonsumsi ikan segar daripada ikan awetan maupun udang. Konsumsi ikan segar tertinggi adalah di wilayah Sulawesi dan Maluku, terendah di Pulau Jawa, baik di perkotaan maupun perdesaan. Tingkat konsumsi ikan segar dan udang segar di perkotaan secara umum lebih tinggi daripada di perdesaan. Harga ikan segar di seluruh wilayah Indonesia relatif cukup seragam. Harga ikan segar dan ikan awetan lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan harga udang segar dan udang awetan. Harga udang segar dan udang awetan terlihat tidak berbeda jauh, namun variasinya cukup tinggi. Harga termahal adalah di wilayah Kalimantan Tengah, kemudian Kalimantan Selatan, Bangka Belitung dan Aceh, sedangkan harga terendah adalah di wilayah Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Jawa Tengah dan Bali. Dari alokasi pengeluaran untuk makanan (sekitar 49 persen), 7.9 persen diantaranya dialokasikan untuk konsumsi ikan. Alokasi anggaran untuk ikan di Indonesia paling banyak digunakan untuk konsumsi ikan segar (55 persen) dan ikan awetan (40 persen). Alokasi anggaran yang digunakan untuk konsumsi udang segar hanya 4 persen, sedangkan untuk udang awetan hanya 1 persen. Pada kelompok ikan segar, udang/hewan air yang segar, dan udang/hewan air awetan terlihat bahwa semakin tinggi tingkat pendapatan, semakin besar share pengeluaran untuk ketiga komoditas tersebut. Sedangkan pada kelompok ikan awetan terjadi sebaliknya, semakin besar tinggi tingkat pendapatan semakin rendah share pengeluarannya.