Model pengembangan agroindustri karet alam terintegrasi

Abstract

This study was aimed to develop an integrated and sustainable model for natural rubber agroindustry. Agroindustrial development was very strategic when integrated and sustainably managed i.e. there’s linkage among upstream and downstream sectors synergically and productively, and also there’s linkage among regionals, sectors and commodities. Industrial integration and agglomeration had been known for long time to save transportation and transaction cost, proximity to supplier and market, labor market pooling, and optimizing comparative advantages. Development factors were gained from experts judgment aggregated using pairwise comparation and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) technique. Institutions interaction and development constraints analyzed using interpretive structural modeling (ISM) technique. Investment feasibility on each business unit partially showed that all activities were feasible to be conducted and integration of every stage of business activities vertically showed improving of all feasibility indicators such as NPV, IRR, Net B/C and PBP and also saved total initial investments. The local government was the most influence key element followed by rubber industry and finance institution. The main constraint were lack of government policy support then inadequate of capitals and absence of farmer adviser. This study concluded that direct contract farming model combined with rubber agroforestry system (RAS-1) in replanting was preferred and more profitable for the integrated and sustainable agroindustrial development based on latex and rubberwood. The farmers had a chance to participate and invest their capitals even playing the main role in the project. This study also introduced a new perspective and approach on agroindustrial integration theories.

Meski memiliki lahan karet terluas di dunia (3,4 juta ha), produktivitas karet alam Indonesia hanya 862 kg karet kering/ha/tahun. Lebih rendah dibandingkan produsen lain seperti Thailand (1.875 kg), India (1.727 kg), Vietnam (1.483 kg) dan Malaysia (1.330 kg). Hal ini terutama disebabkan oleh rendahnya produktivitas di tingkat petani karena kebanyakan masih menggunakan bahan tanaman asalan, banyaknya pohon karet tua dan rusak yang mencapai 400.000 hektar (12%). Tidak seperti Malaysia dan Thailand, industri di Indonesia umumnya belum menggunakan kayu karet sebagai bahan baku industri. Sekitar 80% produk furniture buatan Malaysia dan Thailand menggunakan kayu karet dengan nilai ekspor mencapai USD 1.1 milyar. Salah satu kunci sukses Malaysia dan Thailand mengembangkan industri dan ekspor berbasis kayu karet adalah kebijakan pemerintah terhadap produksi kayu karet, termasuk dukungan finansial dan bantuan teknis terhadap industri hilir pengolahan kayu karet. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan model pengembangan agroindustri karet alam terintegrasi dan berkelanjutan berbasis lateks dan kayu karet sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan karakteristik daerah penelitian. Basis integrasi dicirikan oleh ko-operasi, kolaborasi, berbagi informasi, kepercayaan, kemitraan, penyebaran teknologi, pergeseran dari proses individual ke proses rantai terintegrasi. Keberkelanjutan terkait aspek sosial, ekonomi dan lingkungan serta ada kolaborasi dan interaksi dengan pemangku kepentingan. Penelitian dilakukan di Kabupaten Barito Utara Kalimantan Tengah. Data diperoleh melalui observasi, wawancara, pengisian quisioner, instansi terkait, pabrik karet dan PTPN XIII. Analisis faktor-faktor pengembangan diperoleh melalui agregasi pendapat pakar dengan teknik perbandingan berpasangan. Penentuan pola kemitraan dan lokasi agroindustri menggunkan teknik analitical hierarchy process (AHP). Analisis kelembagaan dan kendala pengembangan menggunakan metode interpretive structural modelling (ISM), dan kelayakan investasi berdasarkan Net B/C, NPV, IRR, dan PBP serta analisis sensitivitas. Urutan faktor pengembangan berdasarkan AHP adalah aspek pasar, modal, informasi, bahan baku. Tujuan pegembangan adalah kelangsungan usaha, kontinuitas bahan baku, kepastian harga dan kualitas, pembagian nilai tambah yang pantas dan informasi. Alternatif kemitraan adalah contract farming dan lokasi agroindustri di Kecamatan Teweh Tengah.