Pemodelan hybrid bioekonomi untuk pengembangan kawasan konservasi laut di pulau pulau kecil

Abstract

Degradation of fisheries resources in Raja Ampat regency, province of West Papua, in the coast and marine areas poses a serious problem. This pressure is aggravated by the lack of natural resources management system based on scientific studies. This research tries to answer these problems by developing a hybrid bioeconomic modelling to safeguard of MPA management in small islands areas to support community wellfare; and will be achieved through four main objectives, namely: (1) to analyze general condition of marine resources, marine protected area (MPA) and communities; (2) to analyze performance baseline (condition without MPA) of capture fisheries under different regime of MSY, MEY and open access and compared these regime with the condition after MPA applied; (3) to analyze social economics impact of MPA on fisherman; and (4) to formulate hybrid bioeconomic modelling based on the dominan factor of MPA management. Economic parameters used consist of price, cost, and input production. The model estimates the following biological parameters i.e, r (growth rate)=0.6314 (%), q (coefficient of fishing catchability)=0.0066 (per trip), and K (carrying capacity)=41.6662 (ton). The findings indicate that capture fisheries in Raja Ampat have not in overfishing yet. Effort level under open access regime has been analyzed at 78.11 trip per week, MSY regime at 47.92 trip per week and MEY regime at 39.06 trip per week. At sole owner (MEY) regime, economic rent could be generated as much as Rp. 4,040,425.19 per week. This is the highest rent compared to MSY regime (Rp. 40,825,341.52 per week) and open access regime (Rp. 0 per week). Actual production and economic rent by MPA are higher than without MPA. Implementing MPA would call for reduction of effort, which indicates that MPA would make fisheries management more efficient. Total area of MPA has significant influence on production, effort and economic rent. There is a maximum size of MPA to achieve maximum economic rent, it means “bigger is better” in case of MPA would not relevant. MPA principles based on spill over effect was modeled using spill over coefficient i.e, β model. The model shows that increase in β will increase of economic rent (β of 0.1 has harvest (h)=4.71 tones per week and β of 0.5 to be increased h up to 7.78 tones per week). The analysis using β model has shown better performance than σ model (size model). It means spill over effect management is more efficient for effectiveness of MPA. Spill over effect or β model named by Haryani-Fauzi model or HF model as novelty of this research has shown at MEY, production and economic rent bigger than σ model. MPA increased fish cath and fisherman income. Rent capture mechanism of MPA benefits could be used by means of payment for environmental services (PES). Three options of MPA model consist of: government lead, NGO lead and community lead. MPA in Raja Ampat, firstly managed by government lead and changed to NGO lead, then respectively will be changed to community lead.

Degradasi sumberdaya ikan di Kabupaten Raja Ampat, Provinsi Papua Barat, merupakan masalah serius, pada saat ini dan di masa yang akan datang. Kondisi ini diperparah dengan kurangnya sistem pengelolaan sumberdaya ikan yang didasari pada kajian-kajian ilmiah yang akurat. Oleh sebab itu penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menjawab permasalahan diatas, dengan tujuan umum mengembangkan model hybrid bioekonomi untuk pengelolaan Kawasan Konservasi Laut (KKL) di pulau-pulau kecil berbasis perikanan tangkap, yang dapat mensejahterakan masyarakat; yang akan dicapai melalui empat tujuan khusus yaitu: (1) menganalisis kondisi umum sumberdaya ikan, KKL dan masyarakat; (2) menganalisis performance baseline (sebelum penerapan KKL) perikanan tangkap pada kondisi MSY, MEY/sole owner dan open access, dibandingkan dengan performance setelah penerapan KKL di pulau-pulau kecil; (3) menganalisis dampak sosial ekonomi pengembangan KKL terhadap nelayan perikanan tangkap; dan (4) menyusun model bioekonomi KKL yang mempertimbangkan faktor dominan dalam pengelolaan KKL. Parameter ekonomi yang digunakan adalah harga, biaya dan input produksi, dengan parameter biologi yang dianalisis berupa x (biomas), r (pertumbuhan alami), q (koefisien daya tangkap) dan K (kapasitas daya dukung lingkungan).