Kajian beberapa aspek agronomi tanaman obat meniran hijau (Phyllanthus niruri L.) dan meniran merah (Phyllanthus urinaria L.)

Abstract

Phyllanthus niruri L. and Phyllanthus urinaria L. were identified as weeds in rice plants and used as a medicinal plant. The objectives of this research were (1) to identify and analyze public opinion which is the existence and used of phyllanthus as medicinal plants, (2) to identify and analyze the morphological character and contain of bioactive that can be used as selection criteria for biomass production and high production of bioactive, (3) to identify and analyze the diversity and genetic proximity 13 accessions of morphological character, anthocyanin content and RAPD markers, (4) to identify and analyze the effects of environmental factors (light, water and nutrients) on growth, biomass production and contain of bioactive meniran. Exploration in Bangkalan and Gresik, East Java Province, get 13 accessions belonging to six green meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.) accessions from Bangkalan, one red meniran (Phyllanthus urinaria L.) accession from Bangkalan and six green meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.) accessions from Gresik. The results of a survey of public opinion indicated that the meniran plant have already known and used by the community. Morphological characters are correlated positively and significantly to the production of dry biomass were plant height, leaf number, branch number, stem diameter and total wet weight. Stem diameter, number of branches, total wet weight and leaf number directly affects the production of dry biomass and can be used as characters for selection. Exploration result carried out 13 accessions and 2 types meniran, green meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.) and red meniran (Phyllanthus urinaria L.), that developed two groups including group A consists of all accessions green meniran and group B consist of one red meniran accessions, based on RAPD markers. Among 12 accessions of green meniran 2 accessions, green meniran from Bangkalan (A6) and Gresik (A7), were higher on potential growth and biomass production than the others. Though, red meniran from Bangkalan accession (A13) has the great potential bioactive production. Based on the analysis, Phyllanthus response to the differences treatment of shade, fertilization and soil water level shown that to achieve the high growth and biomass production, green meniran (A6 and A7) need opening condition until 25% shading, combination of fertilizer manure + NPK and 100% soil water available to plants.Green meniran (A7) could produce the high contain phyllantin under the without shade condition and manure treatment. The high contain of hypophyllantin on green meniran (A7) need 50% shading there with given manure. Red meniran on considerably conditions (manure + NPK treatment and the availability of 50% soil water for the plants) produce the high contain of anthocyanin leaf.

Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L. dan Phyllanthus urinaria L.) teridentifikasi sebagai gulma tanaman padi yang keberadaannya tidak dikehendaki. Meskipun demikian, sebagian masyarakat sudah mengenal dan menggunakan meniran sebagai salah satu tanaman berkhasiat obat. Hasil penelitian farmakologi menunjukkan bahwa meniran mempunyai aktivitas antihepatotoksik, hipoglikemik, antibakteri, diuretik, aktivitas antimicrobial dan aktivitas antiplasmodial. Seiring dengan meningkatnya permintaan terhadap komoditas tanaman obat maka usaha pembudidayaan tanaman obat menjadi penting untuk dilakukan agar ketersediaannya berlangsung secara terus menerus. Sejauh ini belum banyak ditemukan teknik agronomi yang tepat dalam pembudidayaan tanaman meniran. Penelitian dilakukan dalam lima kegiatan yaitu (1) Eksplorasi meniran hijau (Phyllanthus niruri L.) dan meniran merah (Phyllanthus urinaria L.) di Kabupaten Bangkalan dan Gresik Propinsi Jawa Timur, (2) Analisis keragaman karakter morfologi, kandungan antosianin daun dan hubungan kekerabatan 13 aksesi meniran menggunakan penanda molekuler, (3) Pertumbuhan dan kandungan total filantin dan hipofilantin aksesi meniran hijau (Phyllanthus niruri L.) dan meniran merah (Phyllanthus urinaria L.) pada berbagai tingkat naungan, (4) Pertumbuhan dan kandungan total filantin dan hipofilantin meniran hijau (Phyllanthus niruri L.) dan meniran merah (Phyllanthus urinaria L.) pada berbagai cara pemupukan, (5) Pertumbuhan dan kandungan antosianin daun meniran hijau (Phyllanthus niruri L.) dan meniran merah (Phyllanthus urinaria L.) pada berbagai kadar air tanah tersedia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk : (1) mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis pendapat masyarakat tentang keberadaan dan pemanfaatan tanaman meniran sebagai tanaman obat, (2) mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis karakter morfologi dan kandungan bioaktif yang dapat digunakan sebagai kriteria seleksi produksi biomassa dan produksi bioaktif yang tinggi, (3) mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis keragaman karakter morfologi, kandungan antosianin dan hubungan kekerabatan aksesi meniran berdasarkan penanda RAPD, (4) mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis pengaruh faktor lingkungan (cahaya, air dan unsur hara) terhadap pertumbuhan, produksi biomassa dan kandungan bioaktif meniran.