Potensi genetik kuda lokal di Sulawesi Utara sebagai sumber bibit kuda Indonesia

Abstract

The study was carried out in five experiments. The first experiment was to study the characterization of morphology, phenotype variability and genetic distance of 193 mares and 309 stallions of North Sulawesi local horse. The results show that Tomohon population had higher body weights and body measurements (P<0.05) than those of from three other areas (Manado, Minsel, and Minahasa). The hip width is the most discriminant variable to determine the differences among Minahasa local horse population. The results support establishment of strategy to promote the use and development of local adapted horse resources. The second research was to analysis of local horse coat color pattern in North Sulawesi. The most coat color in the four areas is bay, chestnut, bay-cream, chestnut-cream, roan, black, white and spotted. The dominant coat color is bay and chestnut. Genetic distance analyses results indicate that the horse from Manado, Minahasa and Minahasa Selatan are clustered in one group and separated to Tomohon population with the genetic distance between the two clusters was 0.002244. The genetic distance of the horse from Manado and Minahasa was 0.000164. On the other hand, the genetic distance of the horse from Manado and Minahasa group and Amurang was 0.001006. The objective of third research was to estimate the polymorphisms of the Alb, PAlb, Tf, PTf-1, PTf-2, and Hgb in North Sulawesi's native horses. This study used PAGE method to identify protein. Genotyping was performed on 148 samples of horse blood from Manado, Tomohon, South Minahasa and Minahasa. The result showed that the highest allele frequency was found in locus for PTf-1 allele A was equal to 1,0 and the lowest allele frequency was found in locus for PTf-1 allele B. Alb locus were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Hgb type ά was found in two types (type 1 & 2) with consecutive genotype frequencies were 0.51 and 0.49 respectively. The populations of horses in Tomohon have a far relationship with the population in the area of South Minahasa, Minahasa, and Manado. Horse blood protein polymorphisms were found for Alb, PAlb, Tf and Hgb. The fourth study was to estimate the repeatability of racing-speed and ability to maintain the running speed traits in Indonesian racehorses. Results showed that the racing-speed of 2 y.o male and female Indonesian racehorses are different (P<0.05). Mean of fastest racing-speed was shown by the group of above 4 y.o. Estimates of speed repeatability range from moderate to high (0,28 to 0,74); was highest for the group of 4 y.o and lowest for the group of 3 y.o. Estimated repeatability of ability to maintain a running speed horse which ran at decreased speed and increased speed were ranged from moderate to high (0.77 & 0.34), respectively. These results indicate that a moderate level of genetic progress might be possible for racing performance of Indonesian racehorse if selection is based on the phenotypic values of the horses, particularly on racing-speed and maintain a running speed horses. The last study was to reach the specification of social economic of horse breeder in North Sulawesi and to estimate the association between social-economic structure and the degree of knowledge of people. The results show that the social-economic condition of the local breeder was dominated by farmers which have knowledge were equal to high school degree. The typical of these results showed that the possible strategy to increase the people knowledge was required.

Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam lima kajian. Penelitian pertama untuk mempelajari karakterisasi morfologi, keragaman genetik dan jarak genetik kuda lokal Sulawesi Utara. Tujuan penelitian adalah mendapatkan keragaman morfometri dari kuda lokal di Minahasa. Bobot badan dan ukuran tubuh diperoleh dari 193 kuda betina dan 309 kuda jantan dewasa. Analisis multivarian digunakan untuk mendeskripsikan baik bentuk maupun ukuran tubuh dari empat sub-populasi kuda di Sulawesi Utara yaitu, Tomohon, Manado, Minahasa Selatan dan Minahasa. Metode statistic yang digunkkan adalah general linear model (PROCGLM), analisis diskriminan (PROCDISCRIM) dan analisis komponen utama (PROCPRINCOMP) dari paket statistik SAS versi 9.2 dan MEGA 4 untuk membuat konstruksi filogenitas. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa sub-populasi di Tomohon memiliki ukuran tubuh dan bobot badan lebih tinggi (P<0.05) dari ketiga sub-populasidi ketiga daerah lainnya (Manado, Minahasa Selatan dan Minahasa). Lebar pinggul adalah peubah pembeda paling utama yang membedakan kuda lokal di Sulwesi Utara. Hasil ini mendukung strategi pemberdayaan dalam rangka memperkenalkan pemanfaatan dan pengembangan sumberdaya ternak kuda lokal. Penelitian kedua adalah menganalisis karakteristik pola warna bulu kuda lokal Sulawesi Utara dengan tujuan untuk mendapatkan keragaman fenotip dan genotip dari pola warna bulu kuda Sulawesi Utara. Penelitian ini dilakukan di empat lokasi di Sulawesi Utara (Tomohon, Manado, Minahasa Selatan dan Minahasa). Analisis jarak genetik didasarkan pada penampilan warna bulu dimana hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa warna bulu yang terdapat pada keempat daerah tersebut adalah bay, chestnut, bay-cream, chestnut-cream, roan, black, white dan spotted.