Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI) Gene Variations of Mitochondrial DNA of Apis cerana

Abstract

Apis cerana is a native honey bee of Asia, ranging from China to the Philippines. Based on genetic a databases in GenBank of mitochondrial DNA Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI) A. cerana from Malaysia, Brunei, Thailand, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, and Russia occur nine haplotypes. However, there is no COI data haplotype of A. cerana from Indonesia. This study was aimed to explore haplotype variations of COI gene of A. cerana from Java, Lombok, Sumbawa and Flores. Collection and extraction of A. cerana DNA was carried out from those four islands. DNA extraction and amplification process were followed with DNA sequences of COI gene. This study revealed six new variations haplotypes A. cerana from Java, Lombok, Sumbawa and Flores Indonesia. Two haplotypes were seen each from Java and Flores as well as one haplotype each from Lombok and Sumbawa. All honey bee A. cerana in Java showed the same COI haplotype except for those samples from Cililin, West Java, this might be due to the isolation area of Cililin. Haplotypes variation in Lombok, Sumbawa, and Flores occured could be due to the isolation of these islands by sea. Alignment was performed on A. cerana COI sequences from the results of this study with GenBank database, showed that based on COI, honey bee A. cerana from Java, Sabah, and Brunei were closely related and clustered in the same group. This phenomena support the theory of the Asian unity mainland in the Pleistocene Era. Honey bee A. cerana COI haplotypes from Lombok, Sumbawa, and Flores were different from any other haplotypes. This might be due to in the Pleistocene Era, those islands were the emergen areas of a broad zone in shallow water

Apis cerana adalah lebah madu asli Asia yang tersebar luas, mulai dari Cina hingga Filipina. Berdasarkan basis data genetik DNA mitokondria gen Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI) di GenBank terdapat sembilan haplotipe A. cerana dari Malaysia, Brunei, Thailand, Taiwan, Korea, Jepang, dan Rusia. Belum ada data haplotipe A. cerana gen tersebut di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengeksplorasi variasi haplotipe A. cerana gen COI dari Pulau Jawa, Lombok, Sumbawa, dan Flores. Koleksi dan ekstraksi DNA dilakukan pada A. cerana dari empat pulau tersebut. DNA hasil ekstraksi dilanjutkan pada proses amplifikasi dan sekuens DNA pada gen COI. Alignment DNA dilakukan pada DNA A. cerana gen COI dari hasil penelitian ini dengan basis data di GenBank cerana di Indonesia dari Jawa, Lombok, Sumbawa, dan Flores. Dua haplotipe masing-masing dari Jawa dan Flores serta satu haplotipe masing-masing dari Lombok dan Sumbawa. Lebah A. cerana di Jawa menunjukkan haplotipe yang sama kecuali sampel yang berasal dari Cililin, Jawa Barat. Variasi haplotipe di Jawa diduga karena isolasi daratan di daerah Cililin. Variasi haplotipe di Lombok, Sumbawa, dan Flores diduga karena isolasi pulau oleh lautan. Hasil alignment DNA menunjukkan bahwa sampel A. cerana dari Jawa, Sabah, dan Brunei membentuk satu kelompok, yang mendukung teori kesatuan daratan utama Asia pada Era Pleistocene. Haplotipe dari Lombok, Sumbawa, dan Flores berbeda dengan haplotipe lain, karena pada Era Pleistocene pulau-pulau tersebut terbentuk dari daratan di laut dangkal.