Eksosom Asal Rimpang Jahe Emprit (Zingiber officinale var. amarum) serta Potensi Metabolitnya sebagai Ingredien Pangan Fungsional dan Agen Farmasetikal

Abstract

Eksosom tumbuhan yang dikenal sebagai Plant Derived Exosome-like Nanoparticles (PDEN) merupakan nano-vesikel ekstraseluler yang berperan dalam komunikasi antarsel dan regulasi ekspresi gen pada tumbuhan. PDEN dimanfaatkan dalam berbagai bidang khususnya biomedis seperti agen terapeutik melalui kemampuannya meregenerasi jaringan. Jahe (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) merupakan rempah sumber pangan fungsional yang sering dimanfaatkan baik secara tradisional maupun moderen karena manfaat farmakologinya, terutama sebagai antioksidan dan antiinflamasi. Salah satu subjenis jahe di Indonesia adalah jahe emprit (Z. officinale var. amarum). Penelitian mengenai eksosom dari rimpang jahe sudah banyak dilakukan, namun, data jenis metabolit dalam eksosom dari jahe lokal belum bnyak dilaporkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan eksosom jahe atau Ginger Derived Exosome-like Nanoparticles (GDEN) emprit dengan metode isolasi yang optimal, menganalisis kelimpahan kandungan bioaktifnya, yang meliputi fenolat dan flavonoid yang dikenal sebagai sumber antioksidan, serta mengetahui senyawa yang potensial dan bermanfaat sebagai ingredien pangan fungsional dan agen farmasetikal. Hasil penelitian diharapkan dapat menjadi referensi dalam menunjang penelitian eksosom jahe emprit, khususnya mengenai pemanfaatan kandungan metabolitnya dalam bidang kesehatan, serta pengembangan produk pangan fungsional. Penelitian dilaksanakan dari bulan Juni 2023 hingga September 2025. Bahan utama yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu rimpang jahe emprit berusia panen 8, 10, dan 12 bulan. Ekstraksi eksosom dilakukan menggunakan kombinasi metode sentrifugasi dan filtrasi. Eksosom diuji kadar total fenol, flavonoid, dan kapasitas antioksidannya. Eksosom asal rimpang dengan usia terbaik dianalisis ukuran partikel dan profil metabolitnya. Ukuran eksosom dianalisis menggunakan Particle Size Analyzer (PSA). Profil metabolit eksosom dianalisis menggunakan instrumen LC-qTOF-MS. Identifikasi kelompok metabolit menggunakan beberapa referensi meliputi PubChem, KNApSAck, IJAH Analytics, drugbank, FoodB, dan sejumlah artikel publikasi ilmiah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa GDEN dari rimpang jahe emprit mengandung beragam metabolit primer dan sekunder, termasuk asam amino dan peptida, fenolat, terpenoid, flavonoid, lipid, alkaloid, vitamin, dan nukleosida. Distribusi metabolit menunjukkan bahwa kelompok asam amino mendominasi GDEN, sedangkan fenolat mendominasi ekstrak, yang berhubungan dengan perbedaan metode isolasinya. Senyawa khas jahe seperti 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol, 10 shogaol, koniferaldehida, dan beberapa flavonoid dan terpenoid kompleks terdeteksi pada kedua metode isolasi GDEN. Konsistensi senyawa fenolat utama tersebut menunjukkan stabilitas metabolit yang berasal dari jalur biosintesis fenilpropanoid dan terpenoid, serta relevansinya terhadap aktivitas antioksidan, antiinflamasi, dan antimikroba. Hasil karakterisasi metabolit GDEN menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan metode isolasi menghasilkan perbedaan karakteristik, baik dari ukuran partikel, maupun keragaman metabolitnya, sehingga dapat berdampak pada potensi aplikasinya sebagai penghantar senyawa bioaktif. Secara keseluruhan, PDEN jahe emprit memiliki prospek ganda sebagai ingredien pangan fungsional dan agen terapeutik alami, serta membuka peluang pengembangan lebih lanjut dalam formulasi pangan berbasis kesehatan maupun aplikasi biofarmasetikal.

Exosomes, in plants known as Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (PDEN), are extracellular nano-vesicles that play a role in intercellular communication and gene expression regulation in plants. PDEN is utilized in various fields, especially in biomedical research, for therapeutic agents due to its ability to regenerate tissue. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is a functional food spice that is often used both traditionally and modern due to its antioxidant and anti inflammatory benefits. One of the subspecies of ginger in Indonesia is ginger emprit (Z. officinale var. amarum). Research on exosomes from ginger rhizomes has been widely conducted. However, data on the metabolite types of exosomes from local ginger has not been widely reported. This study aims to obtain ginger emprit exosomes or Ginger Derived Exosome-like Nanoparticles (GDEN) with optimal isolation methods, analyze their abundance, including phenolic and flavonoid content known as antioxidant sources, and determine their potential and useful metabolites as functional food ingredients and pharmaceutical agents. The research results are expected to serve as a reference and data to support research on ginger exosomes and the utilization of their metabolite content in the health sector, particularly in the development and formulation of functional food products. The research was conducted from June 2023 to September 2025. The main material used in this study was ginger rhizomes aged 8, 10, and 12 months. Exosome extraction was performed using a combination of centrifugation and filtration methods. Ethanol extraction to get crude extract was also performed as an initial comparison. Exosomes were tested for total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity. The best-selected age was then analyzed for their size and metabolite profile. Exosome size analysis used a Particle Size Analyzer (PSA). Exosome metabolite profiles were analyzed using an LC-qTOF-MS instrument. Identification of metabolite groups using several references including PubChem, KNApSAck, IJAH Analytics, FoodB, and articles from research journals. The findings of this study demonstrated that GDEN isolated from Zingiber officinale var. amarum rhizomes contains a diverse array of primary and secondary metabolites, including amino acids and peptides, phenolics, terpenoids, flavonoids, lipids, alkaloids, vitamins, and nucleosides. The metabolite distribution indicated that amino acids dominated the GDEN samples, whereas phenolics are more abundant in the crude extract, reflecting differences in their isolation methods. Characteristic ginger-derived compounds such as 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol, 10 shogaol, coniferaldehyde, as well as several complex flavonoids and terpenoids, were detected in GDEN obtained from both isolation approaches. The consistent presence of these key phenolic metabolites highlights their stability and supports their origin from the phenylpropanoid and terpenoid biosynthetic pathways, underscoring their relevance to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. Metabolite characterization further revealed that different isolation methods of GDEN produce different chasracteristics, both in particle size and metabolic diversity, so that it can impact its potential applicatio as a carrier of bioactive compounds. Overall, PDEN derived from emprit ginger rhizomes shows dual potential as a functional food ingredient and a natural therapeutic agent, offering promising opportunities for further development in health-oriented food formulations and bio-pharmaceutical applications.