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http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/171932| Title: | Kinerja Produksi, Manajemen Panen, Analisis Finansial dan Rantai Pasok Budidaya Ikan Lele (Clarias sp.) di Kapetakan, Kabupaten Cirebon |
| Other Titles: | Production Performance, Harvest Management, Financial Analysis, and Supply Chain of Catfish (Clarias sp.) Aquaculture in Kapetakan, Cirebon Regency |
| Authors: | Budiardi, Tatag Diatin, Iis Effendi, Irzal Hany, R Cindy Ray |
| Issue Date: | 2025 |
| Publisher: | IPB University |
| Abstract: | Budidaya ikan lele memiliki prospek yang sangat menjanjikan dan potensial
untuk dikembangkan. Peluang pasar ikan lele meliputi pasar domestik dan
internasional dalam bentuk produk hidup, segar, beku, dan olahan. Kini produk
olahan ikan mencakup fillet, deboning atau surimi, kerupuk, abon, dan biskuit.
Produksi atau biomassa akhir dipengaruhi oleh laju pertumbuhan (growth rate)
yang akan menentukan sistem manajemen panen (panen total atau panen parsial).
Harga jual ikan lele sangat dipengaruhi oleh ukuran dan preferensi permintaan pasar.
Pakan merupakan komponen penting dalam usaha akuakultur yang memengaruhi
produksi dan keuntungan. Pakan dikelompokkan menjadi pakan alami dan pakan
buatan. Pakan buatan dikelompokkan menjadi bernutrisi lengkap (complete diet)
dan tidak lengkap (incomplete diet). Pakan lengkap relatif mahal yang
menyebabkan biaya pakan menjadi relatif tinggi. Beberapa pembudidaya ikan lele
menggunakan pakan alternatif sebagai upaya untuk menekan biaya pakan. Pakan
alternatif ikan lele adalah pakan dari produk sampingan peternakan ayam seperti
usus, jeroan dan gumpalan darah.
Peluang pengembangan budidaya ikan lele di Kecamatan Kapetakan,
Kabupaten Cirebon sangat besar. Ikan lele yang diproduksi telah menembus pasar
global seperti Hongkong, Taiwan dan Korea, selain pasar domestik seperti Cirebon,
Jakarta dan Slawi. Sebagian dari pembudidaya menggunakan pakan alternatif
tersebut yang dikombinasikan dengan pakan lengkap belum ada informasi terkait
kinerja produksi, kinerja usaha budidaya ikan lele dengan mengunakkan pakan
alternatif tersebut, dan bagaimana dampaknya terhadap ukuran dan manajemen
panen, serta rantai pemasaran. Sehingga, dengan demikian analisis rantai pasok
pada ikan lele lebih lanjut dibutuhkan untuk mengetahui terkait saluran, marjin
pemasaran, farmer’s share, nilai tambah, serta analisis risiko.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur kinerja produksi dan kinerja usaha
budidaya ikan lele yang diberi pakan pelet komersial dan pelet alternatif. Kajian
tersebut digunakan untuk menentukan manajemen panen dan merancang rantai
pasok yang tepat agar menghasilkan kinerja finansial terbaik. Penelitian ini
menggunakan metode survei dengan teknik cluster sampling. Sampel responden
rantai pasok diambil menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Pengumpulan data
berupa data primer dan sekunder dengan cara observasi dan wawancara.
Responden pada penelitian ini menggunakan kolam dengan kontruksi tanah
sebanyak sembilan kolam dengan sistem budidaya ekstensif menggunakan padat
tebar 68–106 ekor m3. Lima kolam untuk kelompok pelet komersial (PK) dengan
volume rata-rata 295,77 m3 dan empat kolam kelompok pelet komersial+alternatif
(PKA) dengan volume rata-rata 148,36 m3. Hasil menunjukkan nilai kelangsungan
hidup terendah terdapat pada kelompok PK yaitu 66,82±14,53 namun tidak berbeda
nyata (P>0,05) dengan PKA. Kematian ini diakibatkan karena cuaca yang ekstrem,
dengan curah hujan sebesar 234–600 mm bulan-1. Nilai rasio konversi pakan (RKP)
terendah pada kelompok PK sebesar 1,01±0,12 dan nilai RKP tertinggi terdapat
pada kelompok PKA yaitu 1,08±0,04, namun tidak berbeda nyata (P>0,05). Nilai RKP tinggi dikarenakan kelompok pembudidaya PKA menggunakan dan
memperbanyak pakan alternatif dikarenakan harganya lebih murah serta menekan
penggunaan pelet komersial. Hasil kinerja produksi mempengaruhi sistem
manajemen panen yang dilakukan. Manajemen panen dilakukan untuk memenuhi
preferensi pasar. Preferensi dan permintaan pasar berdasarkan wilayah dan ukuran,
untuk ukuran ikan 10–12 ekor kg-1 untuk daerah Cirebon dan sekitarnya, ukuran
ikan 6–8 ekor kg-1 untuk daerah Jakarta, Slawi dan ekspor Korea, ukuran ikan 3–5
ekor kg-1 untuk ekspor Hongkong dan Taiwan. Manajemen panen parsial
mendapatkan keuntungan maksimal diperoleh kelompok PK. Manajemen panen
digunakan untuk melihat waktu panen dan biaya pakan yang efisien. Hasil
menunjukkan bahwa waktu panen dan efisiensi pakan terjadi pada pemeliharaan
ikan selama 60–75 hari. Bobot akhir ikan lele kelompok PK lebih tinggi yaitu
162,54±6,31 g. Hasil proksimat menunjukkan nilai protein tertinggi terdapat pada
kelompok PK yaitu 25,66%. Hasil kelimpahan bakteri E.coli kelompok PK
menunjukkan nilai yang toleran yaitu <3,0 APM gram-1.
Kinerja finansial usaha budidaya ikan lele terbaik yaitu pada kelompok PK
dengan nilai R/C rasio 1,14, PP 1,23, nilai NPV Rp 320.411.821, net B/C sebesar
22,03 dan IRR sebesar 326,52%. Pada analisis sensitivitas, variabel jumlah
produksi menunjukkan hasil yang sensitif dikarenakan memiliki nilai swatching
value terendah. Aliran materi atau produk rantai pasok pembesaran ikan lele yang
terjadi yaitu pembudidaya, pengepul besar, pedagang ecer, pasar tradisional,
eksportir, konsumen akhir (konsumen rumah tangga, kedai makan pecel lele).
Marjin pemasaran tertinggi terdapat pada aktor kedai makan pecel lele. Farmer’s
share tertinggi terdapat pada aktor pengepul besar atau tengkulak. Nilai tambah
tertinggi terdapat pada aktor pembudidaya. Analisis risiko tertinggi terdapat pada
variabel kematian akibat cuaca ekstrem, dan analisis risiko terendah terdapat pada
variabel benih berkualitas dan fluktuatif harga ikan lele.
Penelitian ini menghasilkan kesimpulan bahwa kinerja produksi pada
budidaya ikan lele yang diberi pakan komersial dan pakan alternatif menunjukkan
hasil yang sama. Namun demikian, pakan komersial memberikan kinerja usaha
yang lebih baik seperti PP atau waktu pengembalian yang lebih cepat, yaitu 1,23
tahun. Biaya total produksi kelompok PK lebih tinggi namun nilai R/C rasio dan
HPP tidak jauh berbeda dengan kelompok PKA. Berdasarkan hasil kinerja produksi
dan kinerja usaha budidaya ikan lele maka panen terbaik adalah secara parsial.
Rantai pasok usaha budidaya ikan lele meliputi pemasok (benih, pakan, obat-obatan
dan sarana prasarana budidaya), pembudidaya, pengepul besar, pedagang ecer,
pasar tradisional, kedai makan pecel lele dan eksportir. Marjin keuntungan terbesar
diperoleh pada aktor kedai makan pecel lele. Catfish aquaculture has highly promising prospects and strong potential for further development. Market opportunities for catfish include both domestic and international markets in the form of live, fresh, frozen, and processed products. Currently, processed fish products include fillets, deboned products or surimi, crackers, shredded fish (abon), and biscuits. Final production or biomass is influenced by the growth rate, which determines the harvest management system (total harvesting or partial harvesting). The selling price of catfish is strongly influenced by fish size and market demand preferences. Feed is a major component in aquaculture operations that significantly affects production and profitability. Feed is classified into natural feed and artificial feed. Artificial feed is further categorized into nutritionally complete diets and incomplete diets. Complete diets are relatively expensive, resulting in high feed costs. Therefore, some catfish farmers use alternative feeds as an effort to reduce feed costs. Alternative feeds for catfish include by-products from poultry farming, such as intestines, offal, and blood clots. The development potential of catfish aquaculture in Kapetakan District, Cirebon Regency, is very high. Catfish produced in this area have reached global markets such as Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Korea, in addition to domestic markets including Cirebon, Jakarta, and Slawi. Some farmers use alternative feeds combined with complete diets, however, information regarding the production performance and business performance of catfish aquaculture using these alternative feeds is still limited. In addition, the effects of alternative feed use on fish size and harvest management, as well as marketing chains, have not been clearly identified. Therefore, further supply chain analysis of catfish is needed to examine marketing channels, marketing margins, farmer’s share, value added, and risk analysis. This study aims to measure the production performance and business performance of catfish aquaculture fed with commercial pellets and alternative pellets. The results of this study are used to determine appropriate harvest management strategies and to design an efficient supply chain in order to achieve optimal financial performance. This study employs a survey method using cluster sampling techniques. Respondents supply chain were selected using purposive sampling. Data collection consisted of primary and secondary data obtained through observation and interviews. The study utilized nine earthen ponds operated under an extensive aquaculture system with a stocking density of 68–106 fish m³. Five ponds were assigned to the commercial pellet (CP) group with an average volume of 295.77 m³, and four ponds to the commercial pellet+alternative feed (CPA) group with an average volume of 148.36 m³. Results showed that the lowest survival rate occurred in the CP group at 66.82±14.53 however, it was not significantly different (P>0,05) with CPA group. This mortality was caused by extreme weather conditions, characterized by rainfall levels of 234–600 mm month?¹. The lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was also recorded in the CP group at 1.01±0.12, while the highest FCR was observed in the CPA group at 1.08±0.04 however, it was not significantly different (P>0,05). High FCR because CPA group it uses a lot of alternative feed and suppresses comercial feed because the price is cheaper. Production performance results influence the harvest management system applied. Harvest management is implemented to meet market preferences. Market segmentation differed by region and size, with demand for 10–12 fish kg?¹ in Cirebon, 6–8 fish kg?¹ in Jakarta, Slawi, and Korea, and 3–5 fish kg?¹ in Taiwan and Hongkong. Harvest management is applied to determine optimal harvest timing and feed cost efficiency. The results indicate that optimal harvest time and feed efficiency were achieved when fish were reared for 60–75 days. The final body weight of catfish in the PK group was higher, reaching 162.54 ± 6.31 g. Proximate analysis showed that the highest protein content was observed in the PK group, at 25.66%. The abundance of Escherichia coli in the PK group was within tolerable limits, with values of <3.0 MPN g?¹. The best financial performance was also observed in the CP group, with an R/C ratio of 1.14, payback period 1.23, NPV Rp 320.411.821, net B/C ratio 22.03, and an IRR of 326.52%. In the sensitivity analysis, the production quantity variable was found to be sensitive, as it had the lowest switching value. The material or product flow in the catfish supply chain involved farmers, large collectors or middleman, retailers, traditional markets, exporters, and final consumers (households, food stalls pecel lele). The highest marketing margins were found among food stalls (particularly pecel lele). Largest farmer’s share was attributed to large collectors (middlemen). The greatest value added was observed at the farmer level. The highest risk factor was associated with mortality due to weather extreme conditions, whereas the lowest risks were related to fingerlings quality and catfish price fluctuations. This study concludes that the production performance of catfish aquaculture fed with commercial feed and alternative feed showed similar results. However, commercial feed resulted in better business performance, as indicated by a faster payback period (PP) of 1.23 years. The total production cost of the PK group was higher, however, the R/C ratio and cost of production (HPP) were not substantially different from those of the PKA group. Based on the production and business performance results, partial harvesting was identified as the most appropriate harvesting strategy. The catfish aquaculture supply chain consists of suppliers (seed suppliers, feed suppliers, pharmaceutical and aquaculture input providers), farmers, large collectors, retailers, traditional markets, pecel lele food stalls, and exporters. The highest profit margin was obtained by the pecel lele food stall actors. |
| URI: | http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/171932 |
| Appears in Collections: | MT - Fisheries |
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| cover_C1501231015_06b62aa5f72c466c9419e5dd23437131.pdf | Cover | 577.02 kB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
| fulltext_C1501231015_0827646028c7432e84b70014fde3486d.pdf Restricted Access | Fulltext | 1.81 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
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