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http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/171529| Title: | Model Perilaku Dokter dalam Penggunaan Telemedisin |
| Other Titles: | Physicians’ Behavioral Model in Telemedicine Utilization |
| Authors: | Hartoyo Nurmalina, Rita Yuliati, Lilik Noor Setiawaty, Elika |
| Issue Date: | 2025 |
| Publisher: | IPB University |
| Abstract: | Transformasi digital pascapandemi mempercepat pemanfaatan telemedisin di Indonesia, namun penggunaan oleh dokter masih dibatasi faktor teknis, psikologis, dan regulatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi tingkat penggunaan telemedisin oleh dokter, menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi perilaku penggunaan, serta merumuskan strategi keberlanjutan penggunaan telemedisin.
Desain penelitian menggabungkan survei terhadap 259 dokter dengan analisis Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) untuk menguji 41 hipotesis yang mencakup hubungan langsung, mediasi, dan moderasi. Importance–Performance Map Analysis (IPMA) digunakan untuk memetakan prioritas perbaikan berbasis pengaruh dan kinerja, sedangkan Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) menyusun urutan strategi implementasi. In-depth interview dan wawancara pakar melengkapi interpretasi temuan.
Pada tingkat deskriptif, telemedisin telah digunakan secara nyata dalam praktik klinis, meski tingkat penggunaan belum merata lintas fasilitas, spesialisasi, dan wilayah. Variasi kesiapan organisasi dan integrasi sistem, dari yang telah terhubung ke rekam medis elektronik hingga yang masih menggunakan kanal informal, menunjukkan kebutuhan normalisasi ke model layanan hybrid care agar konsisten, aman, dan bernilai.
Pada tingkat kausal, estimasi PLS-SEM mengonfirmasi 11 dari 15 memiliki pengaruh signifikan. Konstruk yang meningkatkan behavioral intention dan actual use adalah performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating conditions, social support, self-efficacy, dan economic value, sementara perceived digital risk menurunkan niat penggunaan. Analisis mediasi menempatkan attitude sebagai penghubung sentral antara konstruk eksogen dan perilaku penggunaan, sedangkan moderasi menunjukkan variasi menurut usia dan pendidikan.
Pada tingkat prioritas perbaikan, IPMA memposisikan social support sebagai faktor berkepentingan tinggi tetapi berkinerja relatif rendah, sehingga menjadi fokus perbaikan, sedangkan effort expectancy, facilitating conditions, dan economic value telah berkinerja baik dan perlu dipertahankan.
Pada tingkat penetapan strategi, sintesis AHP menggunakan keluaran PLS-SEM dan peta prioritas IPMA untuk merumuskan agenda implementasi yang menekankan penguatan infrastruktur dan interoperabilitas, peningkatan kompetensi digital klinisi, tata kelola risiko dan privasi, skema insentif serta pembiayaan berbasis nilai, dan koalisi multipihak antara pemerintah, BPJS, rumah sakit, platform, dan organisasi profesi.
Secara teoretis, penelitian ini memperluas literatur perilaku penggunaan teknologi dengan mengintegrasikan kerangka Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Innovation Resistance Theory (IRT), dan Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), diperkaya konstruk economic value. Signifikansi economic value menunjukkan bahwa dokter menimbang manfaat klinis sekaligus efisiensi biaya dan nilai ekonomi layanan.
Saran operasional yang selaras dengan temuan mencakup normalisasi telemedisin dalam hybrid care melalui standard operating procedures (SOP) konsultasi daring dan kriteria eskalasi ke tatap muka; integrasi data dengan electronic medical records (EMR) dan SATUSEHAT; penetapan service level agreement (SLA) waktu respons disertai help desk dan incident management; penyederhanaan antarmuka dan single sign-on (SSO), in-app training, serta dashboard bukti manfaat klinis dan efisiensi untuk memperkuat attitude; risk governance meliputi enkripsi, two-factor authentication (2FA), dan consent management ber-audit trail untuk menekan perceived digital risk; skema insentif dan pembiayaan value-based terutama untuk penyakit kronis; serta pemerataan akses bagi wilayah 3T melalui model hub-and-spoke dan dukungan konektivitas. Pemantauan kinerja disarankan menggunakan indikator yang ringkas dan terukur, antara lain proporsi kunjungan daring pada populasi yang memenuhi syarat, no-show rate, waktu tunggu, penyelesaian pada kontak pertama, kepuasan pasien, insiden keamanan data, dan tingkat interoperabilitas.
Secara keseluruhan, integrasi PLS-SEM, IPMA, dan AHP menghasilkan gambaran yang utuh dari tingkat penggunaan, tuas perilaku, hingga prioritas strategi. Keberhasilan penggunaan telemedisin di Indonesia ditentukan oleh pembentukan sikap positif, kejelasan nilai ekonomi, perlindungan data, serta kolaborasi lintas pemangku kepentingan. Post-pandemic digital transformation has accelerated the utilization of telemedicine in Indonesia; however, physicians’ adoption remains constrained by technical, psychological, and regulatory factors. This study aims to identify the level of telemedicine use among physicians, analyze the determinants of usage behavior, and formulate strategies for sustainable adoption. The research design combines a survey of 259 physicians with Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to test 41 hypotheses covering direct, mediating, and moderating relationships. Importance–Performance Map Analysis (IPMA) is employed to map improvement priorities based on influence and performance, while the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to sequence implementation strategies. In-depth interviews and expert interviews complement the interpretation of findings. At the descriptive level, telemedicine has been integrated into day-to-day clinical practice, although adoption levels vary across facilities, specialties, and regions. Variations in organizational readiness and system integration from full EMR connectivity to continued reliance on informal channels highlight the need to normalize telemedicine within a hybrid care model to ensure consistency, safety, and added value. At the causal level, PLS-SEM confirms 11 of 15 direct effects as significant. Behavioral intention and actual use are driven by performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating conditions, social support, self-efficacy, and economic value, whereas perceived digital risk inhibits usage. Mediation analysis identifies attitude as the key conduit linking exogenous constructs to behavior, while moderation tests reveal variations by age and education. At the improvement-priority level, IPMA identifies social support as a high-importance yet low-performance factor, warranting targeted interventions. In contrast, effort expectancy, facilitating conditions, and economic value exhibit both high importance and performance and should be maintained. At the strategic level, AHP synthesis combines the outcomes of PLS-SEM and IPMA to formulate an implementation roadmap emphasizing infrastructure and interoperability enhancement, digital competence development, risk and privacy governance, value-based incentives, and cross-sector collaboration among government, BPJS, hospitals, platforms, and professional associations. Theoretically, this study extends the technology-use literature by integrating the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Innovation Resistance Theory (IRT), and Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), enriched by the economic value construct. The significance of economic value underscores that physicians weigh clinical benefits alongside cost efficiency and service value. Managerially, the findings recommend normalizing telemedicine through standard operating procedures (SOPs), data integration with EMRs and SATUSEHAT, service-level agreements (SLAs), streamlined interfaces, in-app training, and performance dashboards that highlight clinical and operational benefits. Risk governance measures encryption, two-factor authentication (2FA), consent management, and audit trails should mitigate perceived digital risks. Value-based incentives and equity-focused measures for underserved regions are also crucial. Overall, the integration of PLS-SEM, IPMA, and AHP provides a comprehensive framework spanning adoption level, behavioral levers, and strategic priorities. The success of telemedicine in Indonesia ultimately depends on cultivating positive attitudes, clarifying economic value, safeguarding data, and fostering multi-stakeholder collaboration. |
| URI: | http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/171529 |
| Appears in Collections: | DT - Business |
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