Dampak Program Sosial Pemerintah dan Upah Minimum terhadap Ketimpangan Pendapatan di Indonesia

Abstract

Ketimpangan pendapatan masih menjadi tantangan utama dalam pembangunan ekonomi Indonesia. Pemerintah telah berupaya menanganinya melalui Program Indonesia Pintar (PIP), Bantuan Sosial Pangan (BSP), dan kebijakan Upah Minimum Provinsi (UMP) yang meningkat selama 2018–2024, namun tidak selalu diikuti penurunan ketimpangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh program sosial dan upah minimum terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan menggunakan metode Tipologi Klassen dan regresi data panel pada 34 provinsi di Indonesia. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa BSP dan UMP berpengaruh signifikan dalam menurunkan ketimpangan. Berdasarkan hasil Tipologi Klassen, Papua, Papua Barat, dan Nusa Tenggara Timur merupakan provinsi dengan tingkat ketimpangan pendapatan tinggi dan nilai dana program yang relatif rendah, sehingga diperlukan peningkatan dana BSP dan UMP untuk menurunkan ketimpangan. Sementara itu, DKI Jakarta, DI Yogyakarta, Jawa Barat, Jawa Timur, dan Banten memiliki ketimpangan tinggi meskipun nilai dana program besar, sehingga dibutuhkan penguatan faktor lain berupa penurunan kemiskinan pedesaan dan peningkatan kontribusi ekonomi daerah untuk menciptakan pemerataan pendapatan yang berkelanjutan.

Income inequality remains a major challenge in Indonesia’s economic development. The government has made efforts to address this issue through the Program Indonesia Pintar (PIP), Bantuan Sosial Pangan (BSP), and the Provincial Minimum Wage (UMP) policy, all of which have increased from 2018 to 2024 but have not consistently led to reduced inequality. This study aims to analyse the effect of social programs and minimum wage policies on income inequality using the Klassen Typology and panel data regression across 34 provinces in Indonesia. The results show that BSP and UMP have a significant effect in reducing inequality. Based on the Klassen Typology analysis, Papua, West Papua, and East Nusa Tenggara are provinces with high income inequality and relatively low program allocations, indicating the need to increase BSP and UMP funding to reduce inequality. Meanwhile, DKI Jakarta, DI Yogyakarta, West Java, East Java, and Banten also experience high inequality despite receiving large program allocations, requiring strengthened efforts through rural poverty reduction and increased regional economic contribution to achieve more equitable income distribution.