Pengaruh Formulasi Ekstrak Kayu Secang, Asam Gelugur, dan Serai Wangi terhadap Aktivitas Antiobesitas: Kajian In Vitro dan In Vivo

Abstract

Obesitas, yang ditandai dengan akumulasi lemak berlebihan, merupakan kondisi akibat ketidakseimbangan pemasukan dan pengeluaran energi. Kondisi ini memicu kondisi stres oksidatif yang kemudian berkontribusi terhadap berbagai masalah kesehatan. Kayu secang, asam gelugur, dan serai wangi dilaporkan memiliki potensi antiobesitas melalui mekanisme inhibisi lipase pankreas. Formulasi dari beberapa ekstrak tanaman berpotensi meningkatkan efektivitas antiobesitas sekaligus meminimalkan efek samping. Penelitian bertujuan menentukan formulasi optimal dari kayu secang (Caesalpinia sappan), asam gelugur (Garcinia atroviridis), dan serai wangi (Cymbopogon nardus) serta mengevaluasi efektivitasnya pada tikus obesitas yang diinduksi High-Fat Diet (HFD).

Sampel berupa simplisia kayu secang dan daun serai wangi, serta potongan kecil buah asam gelugur, diekstraksi menggunakan metode sonikasi dengan pelarut etanol 70%. Ketiga ekstrak tunggal tersebut difomulasikan menjadi 12 formula dengan perbandingan yang berbeda. Potensi antiobesitas dari formulasi ekstrak dikonfirmasi melalui pengujian inhibisi lipase pankreas secara in vitro berdasarkan proses hidrolisis para-nitrofenil butirat oleh enzim lipase pankreas. Formulasi ekstrak kayu secang, buah asam gelugur, dan daun serai wangi dengan perbandingan 2:1:1, memberikan efek sinergis secara signifikan dalam menghambat lipase pankreas, dengan aktivitas penghambatan sebesar 75,15%.

Formulasi ekstrak tersebut kemudian diuji secara in vivo menggunakan tikus Sprague-Dawley jantan (n=25) yang dibagi menjadi lima kelompok: Normal (N), High-Fat Diet (HFD), Orlistat (O), Kuratif Ekstrak (KE), dan Preventif Ekstrak (PE). Pemberian formulasi ekstrak maupun orlistat dilakukan secara oral sekali sehari dengan dosis 500 mg/kg bobot badan tikus. Intervensi formulasi ekstrak setelah berkembangnya obesitas (kelompok KE) menunjukkan perbaikan profil lipid yang ditandai dengan penurunan kadar kolesterol total (39,29 mg/dL), trigliserida (24,09 mg/dL), dan Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) (11,60 mg/dL), diikuti dengan peningkatan kadar High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) (36,76 mg/dL). Kelompok ini juga menunjukkan peningkatan aktivitas antioksidan, meliputi aktivitas total superoksida dismutase (228,25 IU/mL) dan glutation peroksidase (60,41 U).

Pemberian formulasi ekstrak secara kuratif terbukti lebih efektif dan aman. Hal ini dibuktikan oleh penurunan aktivitas aspartat aminotransferase (8,88 IU/L) serta penurunan tingkat steatosis (skor 0,20) dan balonisasi hepatosit (skor 0,16) berdasarkan penilaian histopatologi. Formulasi sinergis ini efektif mengurangi karakteristik terkait obesitas dan terbukti lebih bermanfaat ketika diberikan setelah obesitas berkembang dibandingkan sebagai langkah preventif.

Obesity, characterized by excess fat accumulation, is a condition resulting from imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. This condition triggers oxidative stress, which subsequently contribute to various health issues. Sappanwood, garcinia fruit, and citronella leaves have been reported to possess anti-obesity potential through the inhibition of pancreatic lipase. Formulating of plant extracts may enhance anti-obesity efficacy while minimizing side effects. This study aimed to determine the optimal formulation of sappanwood (Caesalpinia sappan), garcinia fruit (Garcinia atroviridis), and citronella leaves (Cymbopogon nardus) extracts, and to evaluate its effectiveness in obese rats fed a High-Fat Diet (HFD).

Samples consisting of sappanwood and citronella leaves simplicia, as well as small pieces of garcinia fruit, were extracted using sonication with 70% ethanol. The three individual extracts were formulated into 12 different combinations with varying ratios. The anti-obesity potential of formulated extract was initially confirmed through in vitro pancreatic lipase inhibition assay, based on the hydrolysis of para-nitrophenyl butyrate by porcine pancreatic lipase. The extract formulation of sappanwood, garcinia fruit, and citronella leaves at a ratio of 2:1:1 exhibited a significant synergistic effect, inhibiting pancreatic lipase activity by 75,15%.

The optimal formulation was further evaluated in vivo using male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 25) were divided into five groups: Normal (N), High-Fat Diet (HFD), Orlistat (O), Curative Extract (KE), and Preventive Extract (PE). Both the extract formulation and orlistat were administered orally once daily at dose of 500 mg/kg body weight. Intervention with this formulated extract after the onset of obesity (KE group) resulted in improved lipid profiles, as indicated by reductions in total cholesterol (39,29 mg/dL), triglycerides (24,09 mg/dL), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (11,60 mg/dL), along with an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (36,76 mg/dL). This group also exhibited enhanced antioxidant activities, as indicated by elevated levels of total superoxide dismutase (228,25 IU/mL) and glutathione peroxidase (60,41 U).

The curative administration of the extract formulation proved to be more effective and safer. This was demonstrated by reductions in aspartate aminotransferase activity (8,88 IU/L), steatosis (score 0,20), and hepatocyte ballooning (score 0,16) based on histopathological assessment. In conclusion, the synergistic formulation effectively attenuated obesity-related characteristics, proving more beneficial when administered after obesity developed rather than as a preventive approach.