Substitusi Meat Bone Meal dengan Pupa Ulat Sutra dan Belalang Hutan pada Pakan Ruminansia: Kajian In Vitro.

Abstract

Penelitian ini memiliki latar belakang yaitu adanya larangan menggunakan tepung meat and bone meal (MBM) pada ransum ternak rumaniansia. Sehingga dibutuhkan bahan alternatif sumber protein hewani dengan memanfaatkan limbah industri dan hama serangga. Salah satu serangga yang berpotensi untuk menggantikan meat and bone meal yaitu pupa ulat sutra dan belalang hutan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengevaluasi efek pengganti tepung MBM dengan sumber protein berbasis serangga, yaitu tepung pupa ulat sutra (Bombyx mori l.) dan tepung belalang hutan (Valanga nigricornis) terhadap degradasi rumen, karakteristik fermentasi, produksi gas total, dan emisi metana secara in vitro. Manfaat dari penelitian sebagai informasi pengenai pemanfaatan dari pupa ulat sutra dan belalang hutan untuk pengganti sumber protein hewani ke peternak maupun industri peternakan. Pada bahan pakan sampel penelitian dilakukan penghilangan lemak (defatted) terlebih dahulu. Terdapat enam sampel penelitian dengan lima ulangan, sebagai berikut : P1 (100% rumput gajah), P2 (80% rumput gajah + 20% MBM), P3 (80% rumput gajah + 20% fullfat pupa ulat sutra), P4 (80% rumput gajah + 20% defatted pupa ulat sutra), P5 (80% rumput gajah + 20% fullfat belalang hutan), P6 (80% rumput gajah + 20% defatted belalang hutan). Hasil dari uji proksimat bahwasaanya kandungan protein kasar pada tepung serangga lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan MBM, sedangkan kandungan lemak kasar pada tepung serangga defatted jauh lebih rendah daripada tepung protein lainnya. Total produksi gas dan metana menurun secara signifikan oleh tepung protein berbasis serangga dan MBM (P<0,05). Hal ini karena adanya kandungan antinutrien dan antibakteri (kitin dan kitosan) sehingga dapat menghambat produksi gas maupun metana pada rumen. Degradabilitas kecernaan bahan kering (KCBK) dan kecernaan bahan organik (KCBO) tepung protein berbasis serangga tidak berbeda nyata (P>0,05) dan protein bebasis serangga menurunkan total asam lemak volatil (VFA) dan proporsi propionat sekaligus meningkatkan NH3-N dan rasio asetat:propionat (P<0,05). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa protein berbasis sernagga, terutama tepung deffated memiliki daya cerna serupa dengan yang serupa dengan MBM, mengurangi emisi metana, dan dapat secar efektif menggantikan MBM dalam pakan ruminansia.

This research is based on the background of the ban on using meat and bone meal (MBM) in ruminant feed in Indonesia. Therefore, alternative animal protein sources are needed by utilizing industrial waste and insect pests. One group of insects that has the potential to replace meat and bone meal are silkworm pupae and forest grasshoppers. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of replacing MBM with insect-based protein sources, namely silkworm pupae flour (Bombyx mori L.) and forest grasshopper flour (Valanga nigricornis), on rumen degradation, fermentation characteristics, total gas production, and methane emissions using an in-vitro method. The benefit of this research is to provide information on the utilization of silkworm pupae and forest grasshoppers as alternative animal protein sources for livestock farmers and the livestock industry. Prior to the experiment, the fat content of the feed samples was removed (defatted). There were six treatment samples with five replications each, as follows: P1: 100% elephant grass, P2: 80% elephant grass + 20% meat and bone meal, P3: 80% elephant grass + 20% full-fat silkworm pupae, P4: 80% elephant grass + 20% defatted silkworm pupae, P5: 80% elephant grass + 20% full-fat forest grasshopper, P6: 80% elephant grass + 20% defatted forest grasshopper. The results of the proximate analysis showed that the crude protein content of insect meals was higher than that of MBM, while the crude fat content in defatted insect meals was significantly lower than in other protein meals. Total gas and methane production significantly decreased with the use of insect-based protein meals and MBM (P<0.05). This was likely due to the presence of antinutritional and antibacterial compounds (chitin and chitosan), which can inhibit gas and methane production in the rumen. The degradability of dry matter digestibility (DMD) and organic matter digestibility (OMD) of insect-based protein meals showed no significant difference (P>0.05), while insect-based proteins also reduced total volatile fatty acids (VFA) and propionate proportions, while increasing NH3-N concentrations and the acetate:propionate ratio (P<0.05). This indicates that insect-based proteins, especially those that have been defatted, have digestibility comparable to meat and bone meal, reduce methane emissions, and can effectively replace meat and bone meal in ruminant feed.