Model Bisnis Industri Perikanan Surimi Berkelanjutan dengan Pendekatan Ekonomi Biru (Studi Kasus di PT SFI)

Abstract

Surimi is a myofibrillar protein produced through the stages of de-heading, gutting, filleting, deboning, washing, dewatering, refining, mixing cryoprotectants, and freezing. This product is the main raw material for various processed fish meat. Initially, surimi was made from subtropical fish such as Alaska Pollock which was produced in Alaska and Japan. Now, the surimi industry has developed in the United States, South Korea, Europe, Russia, South America, India, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Surimi production from tropical fish is widely found in Southeast Asia, India, Pakistan, and China, with China as the main producer, followed by Vietnam, India, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, and Myanmar. The global surimi market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 6.1% in 2025–2035, accompanied by increasing prices. However, this industry faces sustainability challenges, such as unstable raw material supply, low production efficiency, and environmental impacts from demersal fish exploitation and suboptimal wastewater management. This condition threatens the economic, ecological, and social sustainability of coastal communities. For this reason, a business model is needed that is not only profit-oriented, but also integrates the principles of sustainability. The Blue Economy approach offers innovative solutions through efficiency, circularity, and waste minimization. In the surimi industry, this can be realized by optimizing the utilization of catches, substituting raw materials such as tilapia, and managing waste towards the zero-waste concept. With a blue economy-based business model, the surimi industry is expected to increase competitiveness while maintaining the sustainability of fishery resources in a sustainable manner. The main objective of this study is to formulate a surimi industry business model with a blue economy approach as a sustainable development strategy. Supporting objectives underlying the formation of the model include: 1) analyzing the availability of raw materials for the surimi fisheries industry from capture fisheries sources, 2) analyzing the potential of freshwater fish as an alternative raw material for surimi, 3) analyzing the potential for processing liquid waste into fish oil that can be commercialized in the surimi industry. The main innovations in this study are: 1) A blue economy-based business model for the surimi industry integrates three main components—value creation, value capture, and value delivery—to ensure the sustainability of raw material supply and increase added value through an interdisciplinary approach, 2) A new approach to raw material sustainability is applied through the Length-Based Spawning Potential Ratio (LB-SPR) method, which is used for the first time in the Java Sea to assess the stock of four types of small demersal fish as raw materials for surimi, 3) This study also offers freshwater fish, especially tilapia, as an alternative substitute for more sustainable surimi raw materials, 4) The transformation of liquid waste into fish oil opens up opportunities to increase the added value of the industry, changing the budget item from a cost center to a profit center, 5) The holistic strategy formulated in this study integrates economic, social, and environmental aspects, to build a sustainable, adaptive, and globally competitive surimi industry business model according to the principles of the blue economy The research was conducted at PT SFI Lamongan which is geographically relevant to the potential for developing alternative surimi raw materials such as tilapia, as well as supporting the optimization of fish oil production from liquid waste. The research also aims to identify obstacles and formulate recommendations for the development of a sustainable surimi industry. The analysis methods used include: 1) Analysis of the production life cycle using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach to evaluate environmental impacts, 2) Testing of demersal fish stocks using the Length-Based Spawning Potential Ratio (LB-SPR), 3) Analysis of freshwater fish substitution as raw materials using the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Tukey Post-Hoc test, 4) Commercial feasibility study using the Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) and Operational Expense (OPEX) approaches, 5) Testing the quality of raw materials and derivative products through parameters of acid, peroxide, anisidine, and total oxidation (TOTOX) values, 6) Derivation of solution strategies through the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) method. The results of the study indicate that demersal fish stocks in the Java Sea are under severe pressure due to overfishing. Evaluation using the LB-SPR method indicates that several species have low reproduction, so a stricter catch quota policy is needed. Parameters such as fish size and weight, Specific Growth Rate (SGR), gel strength, brightness, water content, and bone and spine structure are the main determinants of the suitability of surimi raw materials. The test results show that tilapia is the most suitable species as a surimi raw material because it meets these criteria. Tilapia-based surimi has texture quality, gel strength, and nutritional value that are close to demersal fish-based surimi. The use of tilapia has proven to be effective in reducing dependence on marine resources. Fish oil produced from liquid waste processing contains high omega-3 and meets international standards. Reengineering the production process to convert waste into fish oil provides significant added value to the industry. The circular economy-based business model developed in this study offers a comprehensive solution to improve the efficiency and sustainability of the surimi industry. This model emphasizes the optimization of tilapia use, conversion of waste into products with economic value, and the use of environmentally friendly technology. These findings emphasize the importance of implementing a sustainable surimi industry business model with a blue economy approach, based on data on small demersal fish stocks, the potential for tilapia substitution as a raw material, and the company's commitment to reducing environmental pollution through the production of fish oil from liquid waste. The managerial implications of this study include the transformation of the surimi business model, validation of the blue economy model, improvement of industry governance, and recommendations for government policies and regulations related to the sustainability of the fisheries industry.

Surimi adalah protein myofibrillar yang dihasilkan melalui tahapan deheading, gutting, filleting, deboning, washing, dewatering, refining, pencampuran cryoprotectants, dan pembekuan. Produk ini menjadi bahan baku utama berbagai olahan daging ikan. Awalnya, surimi berbahan ikan sub-tropis seperti Pollock Alaska yang diproduksi di Alaska dan Jepang. Kini, industri surimi telah berkembang di Amerika Serikat, Korea Selatan, Eropa, Rusia, Amerika Selatan, India, Thailand, Malaysia, dan Indonesia. Produksi surimi dari ikan tropis banyak ditemukan di Asia Tenggara, India, Pakistan, dan Tiongkok, dengan Tiongkok sebagai produsen utama, diikuti Vietnam, India, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, dan Myanmar. Pasar global surimi diproyeksikan tumbuh dengan CAGR 6,1% pada 2025–2035, disertai peningkatan harga. Namun, industri ini menghadapi tantangan keberlanjutan, seperti ketidakstabilan pasokan bahan baku, efisiensi produksi rendah, serta dampak lingkungan dari eksploitasi ikan demersal dan pengelolaan limbah cair yang belum optimal. Kondisi ini mengancam keberlanjutan ekonomi, ekologi, dan sosial masyarakat pesisir. Untuk itu, dibutuhkan model bisnis yang tak sekadar berorientasi profit, tetapi juga mengintegrasikan prinsip keberlanjutan. Pendekatan Ekonomi Biru menawarkan solusi inovatif melalui efisiensi, sirkularitas, dan minimasi limbah. Dalam industri surimi, hal ini dapat diwujudkan dengan optimalisasi pemanfaatan hasil tangkapan, substitusi bahan baku seperti ikan nila, serta pengelolaan limbah menuju konsep zero waste. Dengan model bisnis berbasis ekonomi biru, industri surimi diharapkan dapat meningkatkan daya saing sekaligus menjaga kelestarian sumber daya perikanan secara berkelanjutan. Tujuan utama penelitian ini adalah merumuskan model bisnis industri surimi dengan pendekatan ekonomi biru sebagai strategi pengembangan berkelanjutan. Tujuan pendukung yang mendasari pembentukan model tersebut meliputi: 1) menganalisis ketersediaan bahan baku industri perikanan surimi dari sumber perikanan tangkap, 2) menganalisis potensi ikan air tawar sebagai alternatif bahan baku surimi, 3) menganalisis potensi pengolahan limbah cair menjadi minyak ikan yang dapat dikomersialkan dalam industri surimi. Kebaharuan utama dalam penelitian ini adalah: 1) Model bisnis berbasis ekonomi biru untuk industri surimi mengintegrasikan tiga komponen utama—value creation, value capture, dan value delivery—guna memastikan keberlanjutan pasokan bahan baku serta meningkatkan nilai tambah melalui pendekatan interdisipliner, 2) Pendekatan baru dalam keberlanjutan bahan baku diterapkan melalui metode Length-Based Spawning Potential Ratio (LB-SPR), yang untuk pertama kalinya digunakan di Laut Jawa untuk menilai stok empat jenis ikan demersal kecil sebagai bahan baku surimi, 3) Penelitian ini juga menawarkan ikan air tawar, khususnya ikan nila, sebagai alternatif substitusi bahan baku surimi yang lebih berkelanjutan, 4) Transformasi limbah cair menjadi minyak ikan membuka peluang peningkatan nilai tambah industri, mengubah pos anggaran yang sebelumnya menjadi cost centre menjadi profit centre, 5) Strategi holistik yang dirumuskan dalam penelitian ini mengintegrasikan aspek ekonomi, sosial, dan lingkungan, untuk membangun model bisnis industri surimi yang berkelanjutan, adaptif, dan berdaya saing global sesuai prinsip ekonomi biru. Penelitian dilakukan di PT SFI Lamongan yang secara geografis relevan dengan potensi pengembangan bahan baku alternatif surimi seperti ikan nila, serta mendukung optimalisasi produksi minyak ikan dari limbah cair. Penelitian juga bertujuan mengidentifikasi hambatan dan perumusan rekomendasi pengembangan industri surimi berkelanjutan. Metode analisis yang digunakan meliputi: 1) Analisis siklus hidup produksi dengan pendekatan Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) untuk mengevaluasi dampak lingkungan, 2) Pengujian stok ikan demersal menggunakan Length-Based Spawning Potential Ratio (LB- SPR), 3) Analisis substitusi ikan air tawar sebagai bahan baku menggunakan uji Kruskal-Wallis dan uji Post-Hoc Tukey, 4) Kajian kelayakan komersial dengan pendekatan Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) dan Operational Expense (OPEX), 5) Uji kualitas bahan baku dan produk turunan melalui parameter bilangan asam, bilangan peroksida, bilangan anisidin, dan total oksidasi (TOTOX), 6) Penurunan strategi solusi melalui metode Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa stok ikan demersal di Laut Jawa mengalami tekanan berat akibat penangkapan berlebih. Evaluasi dengan metode LB-SPR mengindikasikan bahwa beberapa spesies memiliki reproduksi yang rendah, sehingga diperlukan kebijakan kuota tangkap yang lebih ketat. Parameter seperti ukuran dan bobot ikan, Spesific Growth Rate (SGR), kekuatan gel, kecerahan, kadar air, dan struktur tulang serta duri menjadi penentu utama kelayakan bahan baku surimi. Hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa ikan nila merupakan spesies paling layak sebagai bahan baku surimi karena memenuhi kriteria tersebut. Surimi berbasis ikan nila memiliki kualitas tekstur, kekuatan gel, dan nilai gizi yang mendekati surimi berbasis ikan demersal. Penggunaan ikan nila terbukti efektif dalam mengurangi ketergantungan pada sumber daya laut. Minyak ikan yang dihasilkan dari pengolahan limbah cair mengandung omega-3 yang tinggi dan memenuhi standar internasional. Rekayasa ulang proses produksi untuk mengubah limbah cair menjadi minyak ikan memberikan nilai tambah signifikan bagi industri. Model bisnis berbasis ekonomi sirkular yang dikembangkan dalam penelitian ini menawarkan solusi komprehensif untuk meningkatkan efisiensi dan keberlanjutan industri surimi. Model ini menekankan optimalisasi penggunaan ikan nila, konversi limbah menjadi produk bernilai ekonomi, serta penggunaan teknologi ramah lingkungan. Temuan ini menegaskan pentingnya penerapan model bisnis industri surimi berkelanjutan dengan pendekatan ekonomi biru, berdasarkan data stok ikan demersal kecil, potensi substitusi ikan nila sebagai bahan baku, serta komitmen perusahaan untuk mengurangi cemaran lingkungan melalui produksi minyak ikan dari limbah cair. Implikasi manajerial dari penelitian ini meliputi transformasi model bisnis surimi, validasi model ekonomi biru, perbaikan tata kelola industri, serta rekomendasi kebijakan dan peraturan pemerintah terkait keberlanjutan industri perikanan.