Perbaikan Harvest Strategy dan Rencana Pengelolaan Perikanan Rajungan di WPPNRI 712 yang berbasis di Cirebon dan Demak

Abstract

Rajungan merupakan komoditas ekspor perikanan Indonesia yang mempunyai nilai ekonomis tinggi pada tahun 2023 mencapai USD 447,6 juta dengan produksi rajungan terbesar Indonesia berasal dari WPPNRI 712, yaitu 38%. Status pemanfaatan rajungan di WPPNRI 712 mencapai fully exploited, sehingga diperlukan pengawasan dan pengelolaan yang ketat untuk mencegah terjadinya over exploited. Pemerintah telah menetapkan RPP rajungan dan strategi pemanfaatan (Harvest Strategy) rajungan di WPPNRI 712. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi implementasi RPP dan harvest strategy perikanan rajungan serta menghasilkan rekomendasi opsi tindakan pengelolaan rajungan yang mendukung keberlanjutan. Pengumpulan data lapangan dilaksanakan pada bulan Agustus hingga Desember 2024 di Cirebon dan Demak. Kedua daerah tersebut merupakan lokasi monitoring dan evaluasi harvest strategy dan sentra perikanan rajungan di WPPNRI 712. Data yang dikumpulkan mencakup parameter biologi, sosial dan ekonomi perikanan rajungan. Metode yang digunakan adalah observasi dan wawancara. Analisis dilakukan untuk parameter biologi meliputi koefisien pertumbuhan, lebar karapas rajungan pertama kali tertangkap dan matang gonad, laju eksploitasi, CPUE dan spawning potential ratio (SPR). Parameter sosial dan ekonomi meliputi analisis kelayakan dan kondisi usaha penangkapan rajungan serta merumuskan rekomendasi perbaikan rencana aksi. Rajungan di Cirebon dan Demak ditangkap dengan menggunakan bubu, jaring, arad, garuk (khusus Cirebon). Hasil tangkapan didominasi rajungan jantan di Cirebon sebesar 64% dan Demak sebesar 51%. Lebar karapas rajungan di kedua lokasi berkisar antara 50-181mm. Di Cirebon persentase rajungan yang tertangkap dengan alat tangkap bubu, jaring, arad, garuk berturut-turut adalah 81, 88, 77 dan 69%. Sedangkan komposisi alat tangkap bubu, jaring dan arad yang digunakan untuk menangkap rajungan di Demak masing-masing sebesar 96, 99 dan 81%. Persentase rajungan yang layak tangkap mencapai 93% di Demak dan 83% di Cirebon. Proporsi rajungan tidak bertelur yang tertangkap di Cirebon sebesar 72% dan Demak sebesar 73%. Parameter CPUE menunjukkan tren peningkatan sebesar 7% di Cirebon dan 22% di Demak, berarti sumber daya rajungan dalam kondisi baik. Lebar karapas pertama kali tertangkap lebih besar dari pertama kali memijah (CWc>CWm), yaitu 99,01>98,82 mm memberikan kesempatan rajungan untuk memijah sebelum tertangkap. Namun, laju eksploitasi (E) menunjukkan tekanan penangkapan melebihi optimal, karena nilai E sebesar 0,66 (>0,5). Nilai SPR tahun 2021–2024 berkisar antara 20–30% yang mengindikasikan status pemanfaatan fully exploited. Analisis ekonomi menunjukkan bahwa biaya investasi yang terbesar dalam penangkapan rajungan adalah perahu, mesin, alat tangkap dan paling rendah adalah perizinan. Biaya operasional penangkapan rajungan yang paling besar adalah biaya tidak tetap, meliputi konsumsi bahan bakan mobil (BBM), perbekalan dan umpan (khusus bubu). Alat tangkap bubu membutuhkan biaya terbesar dan juga memberikan keuntungan terbesar. Biaya operasional terbesar selanjutnya adalah arad, akan tetapi memberikan keuntungan yang paling rendah. Semua alat tangkap masih layak digunakan karena rasio penerimaan terhadap biaya (R/C) lebih dari 1. Rata-rata pendapatan yang diterima setiap oleh nelayan pemilik bubu, jaring dan arad di Cirebon masing-masing adalah Rp7.102.000; 5.720.000; 5.268.000 sedangkan ABK adalah Rp2.367.000; 1.907.000; 1.828.000. Sementara itu, di Demak pendapatan nelayan pemilik bubu sebesar Rp5.251.000, jaring sebesar Rp4.722.000, dan arad sebesar Rp4.475.000, sedangkan untuk ABK bubu sebesar Rp2.625.000, jaring sebesar Rp2.361.000 dan arad sebesar Rp2.238.000. Analisis The Fisheries Livelihoods Resilience Check (FLIRES) menunjukkan bahwa alat tangkap bubu mendapatkan nilai yang tertinggi, kemudian jaring dan arad. Aspek kelembagaan merupakan aspek yang paling rendah. Selain itu, masih adanya potensi konflik antar nelayan terjadi akibat penggunaan alat tangkap arad yang menyebabkan kerusakan dan kehilangan alat tangkap milik nelayan bubu dan jaring. Di sisi lain, kesadaran nelayan untuk membentuk kelompok nelayan atau usaha bersama masih rendah, sehingga membatasi akses terhadap berbagai program pemerintah. Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan bahwa stok rajungan relatif sama dengan kondisi saat penetapan HS perikanan rajungan di WPPNRI 712 pada tahun 2020, yaitu fully exploited. Sasaran peningkatan CPUE sebesar 25% dalam RPP rajungan belum tercapai, namun sasaran persentase rajungan layak tangkap diatas 70% (=70%) telah terpenuhi. Secara umum pendapatan nelayan pemilik di atas UMK, sementara ABK di bawah UMK. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini merekomendasikan rencana aksi untuk perbaikan RPP dan HS rajungan di WPPNRI 712 dengan melakukan pendataan perahu dan alat tangkap nelayan, meningkatkan populasi rajungan dan pengaturan upaya penangkapan rajungan, serta pembentukan dan pembinaan kelembagaan nelayan.

Blue swimming crab or BSC (Portunus pelagicus) is a high-value Indonesian fishery export commodity generating USD 447.6 million in 2023. The largest production share was recorded in Fisheries Management Area (FMA or WPPNRI) 712, contributing 38% of the national total. Cirebon and Demak serve as major landing sites for BSC in this region. The stock of BSC in WPPNRI 712 is classified as fully exploited, requiring strict management and monitoring measures to prevent further over-exploitation. The Indonesian government has assigned the regulation there are blue swimming crab fisheries management plan (BSC FMP or RPP Rajungan) and harvest strategy (HS) of BSC fisheries in WPPNRI 712. This study aims to evaluate the implementation of the fisheries management plan and the harvest strategy and develop recommendations for improved management actions to support the sustainability of BSC fisheries. Field data were collected from August to December 2024 in Cirebon and Demak. Both areas are the fishery centre of the BSC in WPPNRI 712 and locations for monitoring and evaluating the harvest strategy. The data included biological, social, and economic parameters related to the BSC fishery. The methods used were direct observation and interviews. The biological parameters analysed included growth coefficient, carapace width at first capture (CWc) and sexual maturity (CWm), exploitation rate, catch per unit effort (CPUE), and spawning potential ratio (SPR). Social and economic analyses focused on the feasibility of the crab fishing business and the development of recommendations for improving the action plan. Blue swimming crabs in Cirebon and Demak are caught using traps, gillnets, trawl nets (arad), and dredges (used only in Cirebon). The average proportion of male BSC caught was 64% in Cirebon and 51% in Demak. The carapace widths range between 50 and 181 mm. In Cirebon, the percentage of legal-sized BSC caught using traps, gillnets, arad, and dredges were 81, 88, 77, and 69% respectively, while in Demak, traps accounted for 96%, gillnets 99%, and trawl nets 81%. The proportion of legal-sized BSC caught reached 93% in Demak and 83% in Cirebon. The proportion of non-berried BSC caught was 72% in Cirebon and 73% in Demak. CPUE trends showed an increase of 7% in Cirebon and 22% in Demak, indicating healthy stock conditions. The average size at first capture (CWc) was greater than the size at first maturity (CWm), i.e., 99,01 > 98,82 mm, meaning BSC have a chance to spawn before being harvested. However, the exploitation rate (E) was 0,66, exceeding the optimal level (E > 0,5). The SPR between 2021–2024 ranged from 20 to 30%, indicating the stock remains fully exploited. Economic analysis showed that the largest investment costs in BSC fishing were for boats, engines, and fishing gear, with the lowest being licensing fees. The highest operational costs were for variable expenses such as fuel, supplies, and bait (for traps). Among the gear types, traps had the highest costs but also generated the highest profits. Conversely, trawl nets had high operational costs but the lowest profits. All gear types were still economically viable with an R/C ratio greater than 1 (one). The average monthly income for owner fishers using traps, gillnets, and trawl nets in Cirebon was IDR7.102.000, 5.720.000, and 5.268.000, respectively. For crew members (ABK), the incomes were IDR 2.367.000, 1.907.000, and 1.828.000. In Demak, the incomes for owner fishers were IDR5.251.000, 4.722.000, and 4.475.000, while ABK earned IDR2.625.000, 2.361.000, and 2.238.000. FLIRES analysis showed that BSC traps received the highest score, followed by gillnets and trawl nets. The institutional aspect received the lowest score. Additionally, conflicts among fishers still occur due to the use of trawl nets, which often damage or displace the gear used by trap and gillnet fishers. On the other hand, the awareness among fishers to form groups or cooperatives remains low, which limits access to government programs. The current stock condition remains relatively similar to its status when the HS for BSC in WPPNRI 712 was established in 2020, which classified the resource as fully exploited. The target (operational objective) of increasing CPUE by 25% as stated in the Blue Swimming Crab Fishery Management Plan (RPP) has not yet been achieved. However, the target of achieving a proportion of =70% of legally harvestable crabs has been successfully met. In general, the income of boat owners exceeds the regional minimum wage (UMK), while crew members (ABK) earn below the UMK. This study recommends the following management actions to improve the implementation of the RPP and HS in WPPNRI 712: Conducting comprehensive data collection on fishing vessels and fishing gear, enhancing BSC population and regulating fishing efforts, and strengthening fisher organizations through institutional development and capacity building.