Strategi Pengelolaan Pencemaran Limbah Organik di Perairan Pesisir Eretan, Kabupaten Indramayu, Provinsi Jawa Barat

Abstract

Perairan pesisir Eretan di utara Jawa Barat dipengaruhi oleh musim, aliran sungai, dan aktivitas daratan seperti tambak, pemukiman, serta pengelolaan lahan yang kurang optimal. Hal tersebut dapat meningkatkan risiko terjadinya eutrofikasi dan pencemaran perairan akibat aktivitas antropogenik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis status mutu perairan dan keanekaragaman hayati akuatik, menganalisis keterkaitan antara status mutu perairan dan keanekaragaman hayati akuatik, menganalisis persepsi masyarakat terhadap pengelolaan limbah organik, dan merumuskan prioritas strategi pengelolaan pencemaran perairan di wilayah perairan pesisir Eretan. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada Oktober 2024 hingga April 2025 dengan melakukan pengambilan sampel air pada enam stasiun, serta dua desa sebagai lokasi studi responden masyarakat yaitu Desa Eretan Wetan dan Eretan Kulon. Status mutu air dianalisis dengan indeks pencemaran dan indeks kesuburan perairan. Keanekaragaman hayati perairan dianalisis secara bioinformatik enviromental DNA (eDNA) dan analisis tingkat keanekaragaman. Keterkaitan antara status mutu dan keanekaragaman hayati akuatik dilakukan analisis korelasi Pearson. Persepsi masyrakat dianalisis melalui skala Likert dan indeks persepsi. Prioritas strategi pengelolaan dianalisis berdasarkan responden ahli dengan metode analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Tingkat pencemaran di wilayah perairan ini berstatus cemar ringan hingga cemar sedang, sementara tingkat kesuburan perairan berstatus mesotrofik hingga hipertrofik. Keanekaragaman hayati perikanan di wilayah pesisir tersebut didominasi dari ordo Acanthuriformes, dengan tingkat keanekaragaman yang sedang. Parameter kualitas air berupa suhu, salinitas, BOD5, dan amoniak memiliki hubungan korelasi yang signifikan kuat terhadap keanekaragaman hayati perikanan. Persepsi masyarakat dari sisi ekologi menyadari bahwa pencemaran perairan menyebabkan bau, penurunan keanekaragaman hayati, dan sumber air tercemar. Persepsi masyarakat dari sisi sosial dibatasi dari rendahnya kesadaran dan pengetahuan terhadap pengelolaan pencemaran perairan. Persepsi masyarakat dari sisi ekonomi yang dirasakan secara langsung akibat dampak pencemaran perairan adalah penurunan hasil tangkapan, pengeluaran tambahan untuk air bersih dan penanganan gangguan kesehatan. Keterbatasan peran pemerintah dalam menangani isu pencemaran perairan menjadi umumnya persepsi masyarakat dari sisi kelembagaan. Strategi pengelolaan yang perlu diprioritaskan dalam menangani permasalahan pencemaran perairan adalah kriteria ekologi. Sub-kriteria yang juga perlu diprioritaskan sebagai strategi pengelolaan meliputi penyediaan air bersih, peningkatan tingkat partisipasi masyarakat, pendapatan masyarakat, dan aktivitas pengawasan lingkungan perairan. Alternatif yang perlu diprioritaskan berupa penguatan kebijakan terkait pengendalian pencemaran perairan yang terjadi di wilaya Pesisir Eretan.

The coastal waters of Eretan in northern West Java are influenced by seasonal variations, river flows, and land-based activities such as aquaculture, settlements, and suboptimal land management. These factors can increase the risk of eutrophication and water pollution caused by anthropogenic activities. This study aims to analyze the water quality status and aquatic biodiversity, examine the relationship between water quality status and aquatic biodiversity, assess community perceptions of organic waste management, and formulate priority strategies for managing water pollution in the coastal waters of Eretan. The research was conducted from October 2024 to April 2025, involving water sampling at six stations and community surveys in two villages: Eretan Wetan and Eretan Kulon. Water quality status was assessed using the Pollution Index and Trophic Status Index, while aquatic biodiversity was analyzed through environmental DNA (eDNA) bioinformatics and diversity index analysis. The relationship between water quality status and aquatic biodiversity was examined using Pearson correlation analysis. Community perceptions were analyzed using a Likert scale and perception index, while priority management strategies were determined based on expert responses through the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The results showed that the water quality in the study area ranged from slightly to moderately polluted, with trophic status ranging from mesotrophic to hypertrophic. Fish biodiversity was dominated by the order Acanthuriformes, with a moderate diversity level. Water quality parameters such as temperature, salinity, BOD5, and ammonia showed a strong and significant correlation with fish biodiversity. From an ecological perspective, the community recognized that water pollution causes odor, reduces biodiversity, and contaminates water sources. From a social perspective, low awareness and limited knowledge hinder effective water pollution management. From an economic perspective, the impacts felt directly by the community include decreased fish catches, additional expenses for clean water, and costs for addressing health problems. Institutionally, the community perceived the government’s role in addressing water pollution issues as limited. Ecological criteria were identified as the top priority for water pollution management strategies, with sub-criteria including the provision of clean water, increasing community participation, improving household income, and strengthening environmental monitoring activities. Strengthening policies related to water pollution control in the Eretan coastal area was identified as the primary management alternative.