Komunitas Burung Pada Beberapa Tipe Habitat di Kabupaten Manokwari Papua Barat

Abstract

Pembukaan lahan merupakan salah satu konsekuensi dari peningkatan pembangunan, tidak terkecuali di wilayah Papua yang dikenal memiliki keanekaragaman burung yang tinggi. Pembukaan lahan hutan menghasilkan berbagai tipe tutupan lahan yang memiliki karakteristik berbeda, baik dari vegetasi maupun iklim mikro. Komunitas burung memberikan respons yang berbeda di setiap tutupan lahan. Salah satu hipotesis tentang pengaruh gangguan habitat terhadap komunitas burung adalah hipotesis gangguan menengah atau intermediate disturbance hypothesis (IDH) yang menyatakan kekayaan jenis mencapai puncaknya pada habitat dengan gangguan menengah (sedang). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah 1) mendeskripsikan komunitas burung pada setiap tipe tutupan lahan, mencakup: komposisi jenis, keanekaragaman, kelimpahan individu, kemerataan jenis, dan komposisi guild (kelompok makan); 2) menganalisis struktur vegetasi sebagai faktor biotik, mencakup: keanekaragaman, kelimpahan, kerapatan dan dominansi; 3) mengukur faktor abiotik yang mempengaruhi komunitas burung, meliputi suhu udara, kelembapan udara dan intensitas cahaya matahari); 4) menganalisis hubungan antara faktor lingkungan (biotik dan abiotik) dengan komunitas burung pada berbagai tipe tutupan lahan. Pengumpulan data dilakukan pada bulan Januari hingga Oktober 2023 di enam tipe habitat berdasarkan perbedaan tutupan lahan di Kabupaten Manokwari, Papua Barat. Keenam tipe habitat tersebut yakni kebun, semak campuran, hutan sekunder muda, hutan primer (keempat tipe habitat ini terletak di Kampung Mandopi Rimum), hutan tanaman campuran (Arboretum Universitas Papua) dan hutan sekunder tua (di Taman Wisata Alam Gunung Meja). Data komunitas burung diambil menggunakan metode titik hitung dan daftar jenis MacKinnon, dengan jumlah 30 titik hitung di setiap tipe habitat dan pengulangan sebanyak lima kali. Pencatatan jenis pada metode daftar jenis MacKinnon menggunakan sepuluh jenis per daftar. Pengukuran faktor lingkungan meliputi faktor vegetasi dan iklim mikro. Pengumpulan data vegetasi menggunakan petak ukur pengamatan untuk tingkat pohon, tiang, pancang dan semai di setiap tipe habitat, serta pengukuran NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) dengan Citra Sentinel 2A Tahun 2024 untuk melihat kerapatan vegetasi. Selain itu untuk kerapatan tajuk/kanopi pohon dilakukan pengukuran LAI (Leaf area index) menggunakan kamera digital dan lensa fisheye, dianalisis menggunakan software HemiView 2.1 . Pengukuran suhu udara dan kelembapan udara menggunakan termometer bola basah dan bola kering, sedangkan intensitas cahaya matahari menggunakan lux meter. Analisis data burung meliputi kekayaan jenis (S), keanekaragaman jenis (H’), kemerataan jenis (E), kelimpahan individu, dan komposisi guild di setiap habitat. Perbandingan antar tipe habitat menggunakan indeks Bray-Curtis, ANOVA satu arah, dan regresi negatif binomial. Data vegetasi dianalisis untuk mendapatkan nilai indeks keanekaragaman, indeks kerapatan vegetasi, indeks nilai penting (INP) dan gambaran struktur vegetasi di setiap tutupan lahan. Hasil pengukuran suhu, kelembapan dan intensitas cahaya dirata-rata untuk setiap tipe tutupan lahan. Analisis korelasi Pearson dan analisis Canonical Correlation Analysis dilakukan untuk memeriksa hubungan antara komunitas burung dengan faktor lingkungan. Total burung yang tercatat dengan dua metode adalah 58 jenis dari 28 famili sedangkan metode titik hitung mencatat 55 jenis burung dan 25 famili dengan total pencatatan sebanyak 11.272 individu di seluruh lokasi penelitian. Analisis selanjutnya menggunakan hasil penghitungan dengan metode titik hitung. Famili dengan jumlah jenis terbanyak adalah famili Columbidae 8 jenis (32%), diikuti Psittacidae 7 jenis (28%, Meliphagidae 5 jenis (20%), Accipitridae dan Halcyonidae masing-masing 4 jenis (16%). Berdasarkan status konservasi dan status keterancamannya terdapat 16 jenis dilindungi di Indonesia berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri LHK No 106 tahun 2018, 1 jenis berstatus Vulnerable (rentan) menurut RedList IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) dan 12 jenis terdaftar di dalam Appendix II CITES (Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). Berdasarkan status sebarannya terdapat 24 (41,38%) jenis endemik Papua dan satu jenis migran, yakni layang-layang api (Hirundo rustica). Uji ANOVA satu arah menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan dalam keanekaragaman burung antar tipe habitat (F=130,773, P<0.000). Kekayaan dan keanekaragaman burung tertinggi tercatat di habitat hutan sekunder muda (S=44, DMg=5,29, H’=3,424). Hutan sekunder muda juga memiliki jumlah kelompok guild tertinggi (15 kelompok). Hutan sekunder muda memiliki nilai sedang dengan tutupan daun mulai rapat. Indeks kesamaan komunitas burung berdasarkan jenis dan guild menghasilkan dua klaster, yakni klaster hutan serta semak dan kebun. Uji statistik Welch ANOVA menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan antara kelompok guild (Welch F = 56.508, df1 = 14, df2 = 162.026, p = 0.000). Uji lanjutan Post Hoc Games-Howell menunjukkan bahwa kelompok guild pemakan serangga dan penghisap nektar, penghisap nektar, dan kelompok pemakan buah di tajuk pohon lebih dominan dibandingkan dengan kelompok guild pemakan serangga yang mencari makanan di serasah atau lantai hutan, pemakan serangga sambil terbang, dan pemakan serangga yang mencari makan di daerah semak. Analisis terhadap faktor vegetasi mendapatkan total 273 jenis terdiri atas 67 famili dengan 5510 individu. Jenis dan famili tertinggi tercatat di habitat hutan primer (130 jenis, 39 famili), dengan kerapatan pohon 1030 individu per hektar dan indeks keanekaragaman (H’=2,716). Nilai NDVI tertinggi diperoleh di hutan tanaman campuran sedangkan nilai LAI tertinggi didapatkan di hutan sekunder muda. Terdapat perbedaan suhu rata-rata yang signifikan antara kelompok habitat (F = 32.001, p < 0.001). Kelembapan udara menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan antara kelompok habitat (Welch F = 31.262, p < 0.001) dan intensitas cahaya matahari menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan antara kelompok habitat (Welch F = 13.641, p < 0.000). Analisis korelasi Pearson dan Canonical Correlation Analysis menunjukkan parameter vegetasi berkorelasi kuat dengan komunitas burung, sedangkan iklim mikro (suhu udara, kelembaban udara, dan intensitas sinar matahari) tidak memiliki efek korelasi yang kuat pada komunitas burung. Berdasarkan keanekaragaman jenis dan jumlah guild burung serta kondisi vegetasi, hutan sekunder muda menunjukkan ciri habitat dengan gangguan sedang, yang memiliki keanekaragaman tertinggi dibanding tipe habitat lainnya.

Kata kunci: komunitas burung, habitat, parameter lingkungan, status konservasi

Land clearing is one of the consequences of increased development, including in the Papua region, which is known to have high bird diversity. Forest land clearing produces various land cover types with different characteristics, both from vegetation and microclimate. Bird communities respond differently to each land cover. One of the hypotheses about the influence of habitat disturbance on bird communities is the intermediate disturbance hypothesis (IDH), which states that species richness peaks in habitats with intermediate (moderate) disturbance. The objectives of this study are 1) to describe the bird communities in each type of land cover, including: species richness, species composition, species diversity and evenness, individual abundance, and guild composition; 2) analyze vegetation structure as a biotic factor, including: diversity, abundance, density and dominance; 3) measure abiotic factors that affect bird communities, including air temperature, air humidity and sunlight intensity); 4) Analyze the relationship between environmental factors (biotic and abiotic) and bird communities in different types of land cover. Data was collected from January to October 2023 in six habitat types based on differences in land cover in Manokwari Regency, West Papua. The six habitat types are gardens, shrubs, young secondary forests, primary forests (these four habitat types are located in Kampung Mandopi Rimum), mixed plantation forests (Arboretum of the University of Papua), and old secondary forests (in the Gunung Meja Nature Tourism Park). Bird community data were taken using the MacKinnon count point and species list method, with 30 counting points in each habitat type and five repetitions. Type logging in the MacKinnon type list method uses ten types per list. Environmental factor measurement includes vegetation and microclimate factors. Vegetation data collection uses observation measurement plots for the level of trees, poles, stakes, and seedlings in each habitat type, and NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) measurements with Citra Sentinel 2A Year 2024 to see vegetation density. In addition, for the density of the tree's crown/canopy, LAI (leaf area index) measurements were carried out using digital cameras and fisheye lenses, and the data were analyzed using HemiView 2.1 software. Air temperature and humidity measurements use wet ball and dry ball thermometers, while sunlight intensity uses lux meters. Analysis of bird data includes species richness (S), species diversity (H'), species evenness (E), individual abundance, and guild composition in each habitat. Comparisons between habitat types used the Bray-Curtis index, one-way ANOVA, and binomial negative regression. Vegetation data were analyzed to obtain the values of the diversity index, vegetation density index, important value index (INP), and an overview of vegetation structure in each land cover. The results of the measurement of temperature, humidity, and light intensity were averaged for each type of land cover. Pearson correlation analysis and Canonical Correlation Analysis were conducted to examine the relationship between bird communities with environmental factors. The total number of birds recorded by the two methods was 58 species from 28 families. In contrast, the point method recorded 55 species of birds and 25 families, with 11,272 individuals recorded throughout the study site. The family with the highest number of species is the Columbidae family with eight species (32%), followed by Psittacidae with seven species (28%), Meliphagidae with five species (20%), Accipitridae and Halcyonidae with four species each (16%). Based on conservation status and threat status, there are 16 species protected in Indonesia based on the Regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry No. 106 of 2018, 1 species has Vulnerable status according to the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) RedList and 12 species are listed in Appendix II CITES (Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). Based on the distribution status, there are 24 (41.38%) endemic species of Papua and one type of migrant, namely Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica). The one-way ANOVA assay showed significant differences in bird diversity between habitat types (F=130.773, P<0.000). The highest bird richness and diversity were recorded in young secondary forest habitats (S=44, DMg=5.29, H'=3.424). The young secondary forest also had the highest number of guild groups (15 groups). Young secondary forests have a moderate value with leaf cover starting to tighten. The similarity index of bird communities by type and guild resulted in two clusters, namely forest clusters and shrubs and gardens. The Welch ANOVA statistical test showed significant differences between guild groups (Welch F = 56,508, df1 = 14, df2 = 162,026, p = 0.000). Post Hoc Games-Howell's follow-up test showed that insect-eating and nectar-sucking guild groups, nectar-suckers, and treetop fruit-eating groups were more dominant compared to shrub foliage gleaning insectivore, aerial screening insectivore, and litter gleaning insectivore. Analysis of vegetation factors obtained 273 species of 67 families with 5510 individuals. The highest species and families were recorded in primary forest habitats (130 species, 39 families), with a tree density of 1030 individuals per hectare and a diversity index (H'=2.716). The highest NDVI value was obtained in a mixed plantation forest, while the highest LAI value was obtained in a young secondary forest. There was a significant difference in mean temperature between habitat groups (F = 32,001, p < 0.001). Air humidity showed significant differences between habitat groups (Welch F = 31,262, p < 0.001), and sunlight intensity showed significant differences between habitat groups (Welch F = 13,641, p < 0.000). Pearson's correlation analysis and Canonical Correlation Analysis showed vegetation parameters were strongly correlated with bird communities. At the same time, microclimates (air temperature, air humidity, and sunlight intensity) did not strongly correlate with bird communities. Based on the diversity of species and the number of bird guilds and vegetation conditions, young secondary forests exhibit the characteristics of habitats with moderate disturbances, which have the highest diversity compared to other habitat types.

Keywords: bird community, conservation status, environmental parameters, habitat