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http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/169423| Title: | Purifikasi Antibodi Monoklonal Aß42 untuk Diagnosis Alzheimer dan Pengembangan Hewan Model Primata melalui Marka BACEI |
| Other Titles: | Purification of Monoclonal Antibody Aß42 for Alzheimer's Diagnosis and Development of Primate Animal Model through BACEI Marker |
| Authors: | Darusman, Huda Shalahudin Saepuloh, Uus Tirta, Alysa Kamira Kurniani |
| Issue Date: | 2025 |
| Publisher: | IPB University |
| Abstract: | Penyakit Alzheimer merupakan gangguan neurodegeneratif progresif yang ditandai oleh akumulasi peptida amiloid beta 42 (Aß42) dalam otak. Deteksi dini terhadap Aß42 menjadi krusial untuk intervensi sebelum memasuki fase demensia, sehingga dibutuhkan antibodi monoklonal dengan sensitivitas dan kemurnian tinggi sebagai bahan diagnosis. Selain itu, antibodi monoklonal terhadap protein Aß42 juga merupakan kandidat yang potensial sebagai agen terapeutik penyakit Alzheimer. Meski demikian, perlu dilakukan kajian dan aplikasi terhadap hewan model dengan mekanisme penyakit Alzheimer yang memimik manusia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan memurnikan antibodi monoklonal terhadap Aß42 dari sel hibridoma dan menguji aplikasinya dalam diagnosis Alzheimer berbasis immunoassay dengan Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), serta melakukan kajian ekspresi gen pengkode Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP), yaitu ß-site APP Cleaving Enzyme-1 (BACE1) pada monyet ekor panjang (Macaca fascicularis).
Proses purifikasi dilakukan melalui dua tahap teknik kromatografi kolom, yakni kromatografi permeasi gel (size exclusion chromatography) dan kromatografi afinitas protein A. Fraksi hasil purifikasi dikarakterisasi menggunakan Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), yang menunjukkan keberadaan pita protein whole antibody pada 150 kDa serta fragmen Fab dan Fc pada 50 kDa dan 25 kDa. Analisis konsentrasi protein menunjukkan bahwa fraksi F4 dari kromatografi permeasi gel memiliki konsentrasi tertinggi (3,35 mg/mL), sedangkan eluen hasil afinitas seperti E1 memiliki konsentrasi yang lebih rendah namun dengan kemurnian yang lebih tinggi.
Validasi fungsi antibodi dilakukan melalui uji ELISA terhadap antigen Aß42 standar. Hasil menunjukkan korelasi positif antara tingkat kemurnian antibodi dan nilai optical density (OD) yang dihasilkan, dengan %CV fraksi E1 dan F3 berada dalam batas yang dapat diterima, menandakan presisi pengukuran yang baik. Analisis menggunakan 5-Parameter Logistics (5PL) digunakan untuk menentukan konsentrasi antigen yang tertangkap pada plat ELISA melalui pengukuran absorbans. Antibodi monoklonal hasil purifikasi kemudian diaplikasikan untuk mendeteksi antigen Aß42 pada sampel serum darah manusia. Hasil uji ELISA menunjukkan bahwa antibodi monoklonal dapat menangkap antigen Aß42 dengan konsentrasi minimum sebesar 10.072 pg/mL.
Hasil purifikasi menunjukkan banyaknya fragmen Fab pada hasil eluen yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai agen terapeutik untuk penanganan penyakit Alzheimer berbasis antibodi monoklonal. Studi awal dilakukan untuk mendeteksi ekspresi spontan gen BACE1 pada jaringan otak monyet ekor panjang sebagai kandidat hewan model penyakit Alzheimer menggunakan metode Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR). Hasil menunjukkan bahwa ekspresi gen BACE1 pada monyet ekor panjang terakumulasi lebih banyak pada bagian hipokampus dibandingkan dengan korteks. Temuan tersebut sesuai dengan literatur yang menunjukkan ekspresi serupa yang terjadi pada manusia.
Penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa antibodi monoklonal hasil purifikasi memiliki sensitivitas yang cukup tinggi terhadap Aß42, serta dapat digunakan sebagai bahan utama dalam pengembangan kit ELISA in-house untuk diagnosis dini penyakit Alzheimer. Ekspresi spontan gen BACE1 pada monyet ekor panjang menunjukkan adanya kemiripan pada manusia, memungkinkan spesies tersebut menjadi hewan model dalam pengembangan metode terapeutik penyakit Alzheimer. Alzheimer`s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative impairment marked by the accumulation of amyloid beta 42 (Aß42) peptide in the brain. Early detection of Aß42 is crucial for intervention of the development before going through the dementia phase; thus, a monoclonal antibody with high sensitivity and purity is needed for the diagnosis material. Besides, the monoclonal antibody against Aß42 protein is also a potential candidate for a therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's disease treatment. Nevertheless, the study and application of the antibody towards animal models mimicking the Alzheimer's disease mechanism in humans. This research aims to isolate and purify the monoclonal antibody against Aß42 harvested from hybridoma cells and to test its application in Alzheimer's diagnosis through Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), as well as conducting gene expression study of Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) encoding gene ß-site APP Cleaving Enzyme-1 (BACE1) in long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). The purification process was conducted through two steps of column chromatography, which are size exclusion chromatography and bioaffinity chromatography with protein A. The fractions resulting from the purification were characterised using Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), which showed the presence of a whole antibody band in 150 kDa as well as fragments in the form of Fab and Fc, at 50 kDa and 25 kDa, respectively. The analysis of protein concentration showed that the F4 fraction, which resulted from size exclusion chromatography, has the highest concentration (3,35 mg/mL), while the eluent obtained from bioaffinity chromatography resulted in a lower concentration as it compensates for its higher purity. The validation of monoclonal antibody function was conducted through ELISA against the Aß42 standard antigen. The result showed a positive correlation between the level of antibody purity and the optical density (OD) results, where E1 eluent and F3 fraction results are within the acceptable range, implying adequate precision. The analysis of 5-Parameter Logistics (5PL) was conducted to determine the concentration of antigen captured by the antibody in the ELISA plate through the measurement of its absorbance. The purified monoclonal antibody was then applied to detect the level of Aß42 antigen in human blood serum. The ELISA result revealed the monoclonal antibody detection limit in capturing Aß42 antigen as little as 10.072 pg/mL. The abundance of Fab fragment resulting from the purification can be employed as a therapeutic agent for monoclonal antibody-based Alzheimer's disease treatment. The preliminary study was conducted to detect the spontaneous gene expression of BACE1 in long-tailed macaques' brain tissues as a candidate animal model for Alzheimer's disease through Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR). Results indicated that the gene expression of the BACE1 gene in long-tailed macaques was highly accumulated in the hippocampus region, compared to the cortex region. The finding is aligned with similar expressions that have occurred in humans, based on the literature, indicating a similar mechanism of Alzheimer's disease occurrence in both species. The research proved that the purified monoclonal antibody obtained from hybridoma cells possesses high sensitivity against Aß42. Furthermore, it can be applied as a main component of an in-house ELISA kit for Alzheimer's disease early detection. The spontaneous gene expression of BACE1 in long-tailed macaques indicated a similarity of mechanism in humans, denoting the possibility of the species to be an animal model for the development of therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease. |
| URI: | http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/169423 |
| Appears in Collections: | MT - Multidiciplinary Program |
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