Model dan Strategi Pengembangan Program Pembiakan Sapi Pedaging Berbasis Kawasan Perkebunan dan Pertanian di Komunitas Peternak Rakyat

Abstract

Keterbatasan populasi sapi nasional disebabkan oleh dominasi peternakan rakyat berskala kecil yang tidak terorganisir. Inisiatif Sekolah Peternakan Rakyat (SPR) telah menjadi terobosan kelembagaan berbasis pembelajaran partisipatif untuk membangun manajemen kolektif peternak dan memperbaiki produktivitas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merumuskan strategi pengembangan program pembiakan di komunitas peternak rakyat, Sekolah Peternakan Rakyat (SPR) berbasis kawasan perkebunan dan pertanian. Tujuan spesifik dari penelitian ini adalah: 1) mengidentifikasi karakteristik kawasan, profil peternak, kelembagaan serta kondisi eksisting manajemen budidaya sapi pedaging di wilayah SPR perkebunan dan pertanian, 2) menganalisis sumberdaya pakan lokal, menghitung produksi pakan, kapasitas tampung dan daya dukung lahan sebagai kesiapan membangun program pembiakan sapi pedaging, 3) merancang baseline data produksi dan reproduksi indukan beserta faktor penunjangnya yang digunakan sebagai dasar untuk memulai kegiatan rekording, dan 4) melakukan analisis usaha pembiakan sapi pedaging berdasarkan model kawasan yang berbeda (perkebunan dan pertanian). Penelitian dilakukan dalam empat tahapan, menggunakan metode observasi dan wawancara dengan pemilik ternak untuk memperoleh data primer pada kondisi eksisting. Penelitian dilakukan di 6 lokasi Kawasan Riset dan Inovasi Teknologi Insan (KRITIS-IPB), yang terdiri dari 3 kawasan berbasis perkebunan yaitu KRITIS Sungai Lilin (Musi Banyuasin, Sumatera Selatan), KRITIS Mesuji Raya (Ogan Komering Ilir, Sumatera Selatan) dan KRITIS Pelepat Ilir (Bungo, Jambi), serta 3 kawasan berbasis pertanian yaitu KRITIS Wanaraya (Barito Kuala, Kalimantan Selatan), KRITIS Ngadiluwih (Kediri, Jawa Timur) dan KRITIS Kedungadem (Bojonegoro, Jawa Timur). Penelitian tahap pertama dilakukan analisis profil wilayah dan sistem produksi sapi pedaging di kawasan perkebunan dan pertanian. Hasil menunjukkan, enam kawasan KRITIS-IPB berada di wilayah dataran rendah dengan ketinggian berkisar 0,2-90 mdpl, suhu berkisar 23-35°C dan kelembaban berkisar 63-98%. Total jumlah peternak di enam lokasi sebanyak 723 orang, dengan total sapi sebanyak 3572 ekor. Latar belakang pendidikan peternak di KRITIS perkebunan dan Wanaraya didominasi pendidikan SD, sedangkan untuk KRITIS Ngadiluwih dan Kedungadem didominasi pendidikan SMA. Rata-rata umur peternak di 6 lokasi berkisar 45,7-52,1 tahun, lama beternak 10,1-15,4 tahun dan skala kepemilikan 3,3-13,9 ekor. Sistem pemeliharaan di KRITIS perkebunan dilakukan dengan sistem intensif (45-79,5%), semi intensif (17,2-38,3%) dan ekstensif (3,3-17,3%), sedangkan di KRITIS pertanian, sistem pemeliharaan 100% dilakukan dengan sistem intensif. Bangsa sapi di yang dipelihara di KRITIS perkebunan dan KRITIS Wanaraya berupa sapi lokal (62,5-99,8%) sisanya persilangan. Sedangkan di KRITIS Kedungadem dan Ngadiluwih, didominasi sapi persilangan (92,3-96,8%). Hasil analisis total produksi pakan, di KRITIS Sungai Lilin memiliki total produksi pakan terbesar (19.088,6 BK ton/tahun) dengan di dominasi jenis pakan hijauan dibawah kelapa sawit sebesar 55%. Selanjutnya adalah KRITIS Mesuji Raya (19.015,5 BK ton/tahun) dan Kedungadem (16.425,9 BK ton/tahun), yang keduanya didominasi oleh pakan jenis limbah pertanian masing-masing 42% dan 77%. Sedangkan wilayah dengan produksi pakan terendah adalah kawasan Ngadiluwih, sebesar 4.236,6 BK ton/tahun, yang didominasi oleh pakan jenis hijauan rumput budidaya sebesar 48%. Dari total populasi ternak ruminansia yang ada saat ini, wilayah KRITIS Sungai Lilin baru memanfaatkan 17% dari total kemampuan sumberdaya lahan untuk menghasilkan pakan, Mesuji Raya memanfaatkan 62%, Pelepat Ilir 38%, Wanaraya 30%, Kedungadem 84% dan Ngadiluwih lebih dari 100%. Hasil analisis performa reproduksi induk menunjukkan, sapi yang dipelihara di KRITIS perkebunan memiliki umur pertama beranak yang lebih cepat, berkisar antara 988,5-1095,6 hari, sedangkan pada wilayah SPR berbasis pertanian, umur pertama beranak relatif lebih panjang, berkisar antara 1042,7-1152,3 hari. Rata-rata jarak beranak sapi pedaging di wilayah SPR perkebunan berkisar 403-458,2 hari. Sedangkan pada kawasan SPR pertanian, jarak beranak sedikit lebih panjang rata-rata 418,2-462,5 hari. Sapi pedaging di KRITIS perkebunan memiliki rata-rata masa kosong berkisar 111,4-196,2 hari. Sedangkan di SPR pertanian, rata-rata masa kosong berkisar antara 132,6-78,7 hari. Hasil analisis usaha menggunakan model SUPERGRINS menunjukkan, KRITIS Sungai Lilin memiliki biaya pemeliharaan yang efisien pada semua sistem pemeliharaan, dengan pendapatan per bulan per ekor biang berkisar Rp.429.142,63-Rp 1.210.628,-. KRITIS Mesuji Raya hanya memperoleh pendapatan pada sistem pemeliharaan ekstensif (Rp. 1.515.242,-). KRITIS Pelepat Ilir efisien untuk semua pemeliharaan (Rp 90.180- Rp1.372.769,- per bulan per ekor biang). Sedangkan di KRITIS pertanian yang menerapkan sistem pemeliharaan intensif, mengalami kerugian dari pemeliharaan per bulan berkisar Rp -1.223.794 sampai Rp. -5.801.059,- Strategi pengembangan yang direkomendasikan antara lain: 1) peningkatan kualitas pakan berbasis sumberdaya lokal, 2) peningkatan manajemen reproduksi dan kesehatan, 3) peningkatkan performa reproduksi indukan, 4) efisiensi usaha pembiakan serta 5) peningkatan kelembagaan kelompok anggota SPR. Secara umum model usaha pembiakan di kawasan terdiri dari: 1) peternak yang terkonsolidasi, 2) pengorganisasian bisnis berjamaan, 3) identifikasi peternak dan potensi sumberdaya pakan, 4) perhitungan usaha breeding, serta interaksi IPTEK. Model tersebut dapat digunakan sebagai dasar untuk memulai program pembiakan di kawasan.

The limited national cattle population is caused by the dominance of small-scale, unorganized livestock farming. The Sekolah Peternakan Rakyat (SPR) initiative has become an institutional breakthrough based on participatory learning to build collective management of livestock farmers and improve productivity. This study aims to formulate a strategy for developing a breeding program in the community of people's livestock farmers, the Sekolah Peternakan Rakyat (SPR) based on plantation and agricultural areas. The specific objectives of this study are: 1) to identify regional characteristics, livestock farmer profiles, institutions and existing conditions of beef cattle cultivation management in the SPR plantation and agricultural areas, 2) to analyze local feed resources, calculate feed production, carrying capacity and land carrying capacity as readiness to build a beef cattle breeding program, 3) to design a baseline data on production and reproduction of broodstock along with its supporting factors used as a basis for initiating recording activities, and 4) to analyze beef cattle breeding efforts based on different regional models (plantations and agriculture). The research was conducted in four stages, using observation and interview methods with livestock owners to obtain primary data on existing conditions. The research was conducted in 6 locations of the Human Technology Research and Innovation Area (KRITIS-IPB), consisting of 3 plantation-based areas, namely KRITIS Sungai Lilin (Musi Banyuasin, South Sumatra), KRITIS Mesuji Raya (Ogan Komering Ilir, South Sumatra) and KRITIS Pelepat Ilir (Bungo, Jambi), as well as 3 agricultural-based areas, namely KRITIS Wanaraya (Barito Kuala, South Kalimantan), KRITIS Ngadiluwih (Kediri, East Java) and KRITIS Kedungadem (Bojonegoro, East Java). The first stage of the research analyzed the regional profile and beef cattle production system in the plantation and agricultural areas. The results showed that the six KRITIS-IPB areas are located in lowland areas with altitudes ranging from 0.2-90 meters above sea level, temperatures ranging from 23-35°C and humidity ranging from 63-98%. The total number of livestock farmers in the six locations was 723 people, with a total of 3,572 cattle. The educational background of livestock farmers in KRITIS plantation and Wanaraya was dominated by elementary school education, while for KRITIS Ngadiluwih and Kedungadem, the majority were high school education. The average age of livestock farmers in the six locations ranged from 45.7 to 52.1 years, the length of livestock farming was 10.1 to 15.4 years and the scale of ownership was 3.3 to 13.9 cattle. The husbandry system in KRITIS plantation was carried out with an intensive system (45-79.5%), semi-intensive (17.2-38.3%) and extensive (3.3-17.3%), while in KRITIS agriculture, the husbandry system was 100% carried out with an intensive system. The breeds of cattle raised in KRITIS plantation and KRITIS Wanaraya were local cattle (62.5-99.8%), the rest were crossbred. Meanwhile, in KRITIS Kedungadem and Ngadiluwih, crossbred cattle dominate (92.3-96.8%). The results of the analysis of total feed production, in KRITIS Sungai Lilin has the largest total feed production (19,088.6 BK tons/year) with the dominance of green fodder types under oil palm by 55%. Next are KRITIS Mesuji Raya (19,015.5 BK tons/year) and Kedungadem (16,425.9 BK tons/year), both of which are dominated by agricultural waste feed types of 42% and 77%, respectively. Meanwhile, the area with the lowest feed production is the Ngadiluwih area, amounting to 4,236.6 BK tons/year, which is dominated by cultivated grass forage feed by 48%. Of the total population of ruminant livestock currently available, the KRITIS Sungai Lilin area only utilizes 17% of the total land resource capacity to produce feed, Mesuji Raya utilizes 62%, Pelepat Ilir 38%, Wanaraya 30%, Kedungadem 84% and Ngadiluwih more than 100%. The results of the reproductive performance analysis of cows showed that cows raised in the plantation-based CRITIS area had an earlier age at first calving, ranging from 988.5 to 1095.6 days, while those in the agricultural-based SPR area had a relatively longer age at first calving, ranging from 1042.7 to 1152.3 days. The average calving interval for beef cattle in the plantation-based SPR area ranged from 403 to 458.2 days. Meanwhile, in the agricultural SPR area, the calving interval was slightly longer, averaging 418.2 to 462.5 days. Beef cattle in the plantation-based KRITIS area had an average shedding period of 111.4 to 196.2 days. Meanwhile, in the agricultural SPR area, the average shedding period ranged from 132.6 to 78.7 days. The results of the business analysis using the SUPERGRINS model show that KRITIS Sungai Lilin has efficient maintenance costs in all maintenance systems, with monthly income per head of the mother fish ranging from Rp. 429,142.63 to Rp. 1,210,628. KRITIS Mesuji Raya only earns income in the extensive maintenance system (Rp. 1,515,242). KRITIS Pelepat Ilir is efficient for all maintenance (Rp. 90,180 to Rp. 1,372,769 per month per head of the mother fish). Meanwhile, in KRITIS agriculture which applies an intensive maintenance system, losses from maintenance per month range from Rp. -1,223,794 to Rp. -5,801,059. Recommended development strategies include: 1) improving feed quality based on local resources, 2) improving reproductive and health management, 3) improving the reproductive performance of breeding stock, 4) improving breeding efficiency, and 5) strengthening the institutional framework of SPR member groups. In general, regional breeding business models consist of: 1) consolidated breeders, 2) organizing joint businesses, 3) identifying breeders and potential feed resources, 4) calculating breeding efforts, and interacting with science and technology. The model can be used as a basis for initiating a breeding program in the area.