Modal Penghidupan dan Ketangguhan Rumah Tangga Selama dan Sesudah Pandemi COVID-19 di Wilayah Peri-Urban Kabupaten Bekasi

Abstract

Studi ini dilakukan dalam konteks pandemi dan pasca pandemi COVID-19 untuk memahami kondisi modal penghidupan dan ketangguhan rumah tangga di wilayah peri-urban seperti Kabupaten Bekasi. Ketangguhan rumah tangga dalam menghadapi tekanan pandemi sangat bergantung pada ketersediaan dan kualitas modal penghidupan yang dimilikinya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah (1) menganalisis modal penghidupan rumah tangga pada selama pandemi COVID-19 dan sesudah pandemi COVID-19, (2) menganalisis ketangguhan rumah tangga pada selama pandemi COVID-19 dan sesudah pandemi COVID-19, dan (3) menganalisis pengaruh dari modal penghidupan terhadap ketangguhan rumah tangga pada selama pandemi COVID-19 dan sesudah pandemi COVID-19. Metode analisis yang digunakan untuk menganalisis modal penghidupan dan ketangguhan rumah tangga pada selama pandemi COVID-19 dan sesudah pandemi COVID-19 menggunakan metode pooled Principal Component Analysis, kemudian capaian indeks per dimensi dihitung berdasarkan komponen faktor dan proporsi varians dari hasil analisis tersebut. Dalam memahami pengaruh dari modal penghidupan rumah tangga terhadap ketangguhan rumah tangga pada selama pandemi COVID-19 dan sesudah pandemi COVID-19, digunakan metode analisis Structural Equation Model-Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS). Hasil tujuan penelitian yang pertama adalah menganalisis kondisi lima modal penghidupan rumah tangga (manusia, fisik, finansial, alam, dan sosial) di empat desa di Kabupaten Bekasi (Desa Jayasakti dan Desa Pantai Mekar di Kecamatan Muaragembong, serta Desa Mangunjaya dan Desa Setiadarma di Kecamatan Tambun Selatan) selama pandemi COVID-19 dan sesudah pandemi COVID-19. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa selama pandemi COVID-19, sebagian besar modal penghidupan (manusia, fisik, alam, sosial) cenderung stabil di tingkat sedang hingga tinggi di semua desa, menandakan adanya basis non-keuangan yang relatif tangguh. Namun, modal finansial menjadi sektor yang paling rentan selama pandemi COVID-19 pada Desa Jayasakti dan Desa Pantai Mekar di Kecamatan Muaragembong. Pasca pandemi COVID-19, terjadi pemulihan signifikan pada modal manusia di seluruh desa, yang mengindikasikan bahwa rumah tangga berhasil memperkuat kapasitas mereka setelah krisis, sementara modal non-finansial tetap menunjukkan konsisistensi. Hasil tujuan penelitian yang kedua menunjukkan bahwa akses terhadap makanan dan kapasitas adaptif rumah tangga mengalami peningkatan signifikan dan konsisten di keempat desa pada pasca pandemi COVID-19. Kepemilikan aset dan akses terhadap pelayanan dasar juga menunjukkan kondisi yang umumnya baik dan relatif stabil, dengan sedikit peningkatan rata-rata indeks pasca pandemi COVID-19. Stabilitas mata pencaharian secara umum berada pada tingkat sedang-tinggi dan menunjukkan peningkatan di sebagian besar desa pasca pandemi COVID-19. Namun, pendapatan rumah tangga secara umum tetap berada pada tingkat rendah hingga sedang, dengan hanya sedikit peningkatan rata-rata indeks pasca pandemi COVID-19. Sedangkan, jaring pengaman sosial menunjukkan peningkatan di Desa Jayasakti dan Desa Pantai Mekar, justru mengalami penurunan di Desa Mangunjaya dan Desa Setiadarma pasca pandemi COVID-19. Hasil tujuan penelitian yang ketiga menghasilkan temuan yang menunjukkan bahwa selama pandemi COVID-19, modal manusia dan modal finansial secara signifikan dan positif mempengaruhi ketangguhan rumah tangga. Demikian pula, dimensi modal sosial seperti rasa percaya, jaringan, dan pemberdayaan juga menunjukkan pengaruh positif yang signifikan. Namun, norma dan kohesi sosial justru menunjukkan pengaruh negatif yang signifikan terhadap ketangguhan rumah tangga periode selama pandemi COVID-19 ini. Modal alam, fisik, serta informasi dan komunikasi tidak menunjukkan pengaruh yang signifikan. Pasca pandemi COVID-19, hubungan ini mengalami beberapa perubahan krusial. Modal manusia dan modal finansial tetap menjadi prediktor positif yang signifikan terhadap ketangguhan rumah tangga, bahkan dengan peningkatan koefisien jalur pada modal finansial. Dimensi pemberdayaan juga mempertahankan pengaruh positif signifikan. Namun, rasa percaya yang sebelumnya positif, kini berbalik menunjukkan pengaruh negatif yang signifikan terhadap ketangguhan rumah tangga. Demikian pula, jaringan yang sebelumnya positif signifikan, kini tidak lagi signifikan. Di sisi lain, norma yang sebelumnya negatif, berbalik menunjukkan pengaruh positif yang signifikan pasca pandemi, sementara kohesi sosial tetap berpengaruh negatif. Modal alam, fisik, serta informasi dan komunikasi tetap tidak menunjukkan pengaruh yang signifikan.

This study was conducted in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and post-pandemic to understand the livelihood capital and resilience of households in peri-urban areas such as Bekasi Regency. Household resilience in facing pandemic pressures is highly dependent on the availability and quality of their livelihood capital. The objectives of this study are (1) to analyze household livelihood capital during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, (2) to analyze household resilience during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, and (3) to analyze the influence of livelihood capital on household resilience during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The analytical method used to analyze livelihood capital and household resilience during and after the COVID-19 pandemic employs pooled Principal Component Analysis, with the index scores for each dimension calculated based on the factor components and variance proportions from the analysis results. To understand the influence of household livelihood capital on household resilience during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, the Structural Equation Model-Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) analysis method was used. The first research objective was to analyze the conditions of five household livelihood capital dimensions (human, physical, financial, natural, and social) in four villages in Bekasi Regency (Jayasakti Village and Pantai Mekar Village in Muaragembong Subdistrict, and Mangunjaya Village and Setiadarma Village in Tambun Selatan Subdistrict) during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The study results indicate that during the COVID-19 pandemic, most livelihood capital (human, physical, natural, and social) remained stable at moderate to high levels across all villages, indicating a relatively resilient non-financial foundation. However, financial capital was the most vulnerable sector during the COVID-19 pandemic in Jayasakti Village and Pantai Mekar Village in Muaragembong Subdistrict. After the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a significant recovery in human capital in all villages, indicating that households managed to strengthen their capacity after the crisis, while non-financial capital remained consistent. The results of the second research objective show that access to food and household adaptive capacity have increased significantly and consistently in all four villages in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. Asset ownership and access to basic services also showed generally good and relatively stable conditions, with a slight increase in the average index post-COVID-19 pandemic. Livelihood stability was generally at a moderate-to-high level and showed an increase in most villages post-COVID-19 pandemic. However, household income generally remained at a low to moderate level, with only a slight increase in the average index post-COVID-19 pandemic. Meanwhile, social safety nets showed an increase in Jayasakti Village and Pantai Mekar Village, but a decrease in Mangunjaya Village and Setiadarma Village post-COVID-19 pandemic. The third research objective yielded findings indicating that during the COVID-19 pandemic, human capital and financial capital significantly and positively influenced household resilience. Similarly, social capital dimensions such as trust, networks, and empowerment also showed significant positive influences. However, social norms and cohesion showed significant negative influences on household resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Natural, physical, and information and communication capital did not show significant effects. Post-COVID-19 pandemic, these relationships underwent several crucial changes. Human capital and financial capital remained significant positive predictors of household resilience, even with an increase in the path coefficient for financial capital. The empowerment dimension also maintained its significant positive effect. However, trust, which was previously positive, now shows a significant negative impact on household resilience. Similarly, networks, which were previously significantly positive, are no longer significant. On the other hand, norms, which were previously negative, now show a significant positive impact post-pandemic, while social cohesion remains negatively influential. Natural, physical, and information and communication capital continue to show no significant impact.