Identifikasi Ikan Hias Berdasarkan Morfologi dan DNA Barcoding Gen COI (Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I)

Abstract

Ikan hias merupakan salah satu komoditas yang cukup besar dan dapat menjadi potensi pengembangan sumberdaya perairan. Terdapat lebih dari 3600 spesies ikan hias tersebar di seluruh perairan Indonesia dan 70% merupakan jenis ikan terumbu karang. Identifikasi ikan hias air laut menjadi penting mengingat tingginya keanekaragaman ikan tersebut menyebabkan banyak spesies belum teridentifikasi secara akurat. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi spesies ikan hias air laut menggunakan metode morfologi dan DNA barcoding berbasis gen COI serta mengetahui status konservasinya. Penelitian dilakukan melalui dua pendekatan yaitu identifikasi morfologi dan molekuler. Identifikasi morfologi dilakukan dengan pengukuran morfometrik menggunakan software ImageJ dan pencocokan karakter deskriptif tubuh ikan. Analisis molekuler mencakup ekstraksi DNA, PCR, elektroforesis, sekuensing, dan analisis bioinformatika untuk menyusun pohon filogeni serta menghitung jarak genetik. Sampel diambil dari dua lokasi yaitu Pasar Ikan Hias Sumenep Jakarta dan PT Dinar Darum Lestari Jakarta. Pengolahan sampel dilakukan di Laboratorium Biosistematik dan Genetika Kelautan IPB University dan di Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Biodiversity dan Environmental Dynamics (L-MoBBeD;Setiamarga Lab) National Institute of Technology Wakayama College, Japan). Hasil analisis morfologi dan DNA Barcoding menunjukkan hasil yang sama bahwa spesies yang teridentifikasi sebanyak 18 spesies dari 22 sampel dengan tingkat kimiripan 88,71% – 100 % dan beberapa spesies dalam fase juvenile. Rekonstruksi pohon filogeni menunjukkan pengelompokan yang sesuai dengan kekerabatan genetik antar spesies. Pohon filogeni diperkuat dengan jarak genetik antar spesies yang bervariasi (0,049 – 0,301). Status konservasi dari seluruh spesies yang diidentifikasi tergolong dalam kategori Least Concern menurut IUCN, menunjukkan tingkat risiko kepunahan yang rendah namun tetap memerlukan pengelolaan berkelanjutan.

Ornamental fish are a significant commodity and have the potential to contribute to the development of aquatic resources. There are more than 3,600 species of ornamental fish spread across Indonesian waters and 70% are coral reef fish. The identification of marine ornamental fish is important given the high diversity of these fish, which means that many species have not yet been accurately identified. This study aims to identify marine ornamental fish species using morphological and DNA barcoding methods based on the COI gene, as well as to determine their conservation status. The research was conducted through two methods morphological and molecular identification. Morphological identification was performed using morphometric measurements with ImageJ software and matching characteristics descriptive of the fish. Molecular analysis included DNA extraction, PCR, electrophoresis, sequencing, and bioinformatics analysis to construct a phylogenetic tree and calculate genetic distances. Samples were collected from two locations the Sumenep Ornamental Fish Market Jakarta and PT Dinar Darum Lestari Jakarta. Sample processing was conducted at the Laboratory of Biosystematics and Marine Genetics, IPB University, and at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Biodiversity and Environmental Dynamics (L-MoBBeD; Setiamarga Lab), National Institute of Technology Wakayama College, Japan. The results of morphological and DNA barcoding analyses showed consistent results, identifying 18 species from 22 samples with a similarity rate of 88.71%–100% and some species in the juvenile phase. Phylogenetic tree reconstruction showed grouping consistent with genetic relationships between species. The phylogenetic tree was supported by varying genetic distances between species (0.049–0.301). The conservation status of all identified species is classified as Least Concern according to the IUCN, indicating a low risk of extinction but still requiring sustainable management.