Identifikasi Keberadaan Elang Jawa (Nisaetus bartelsi) dan Habitatnya di Pulau Bali

Abstract

Elang jawa (Nisaetus bartelsi) merupakan burung pemangsa diurnal endemik Indonesia yang hingga tahun 2024 diketahui menghuni hutan primer dan sekunder di pegunungan curam Pulau Jawa. Namun, laporan dari akademisi, pengamat burung lokal Bali, dan catatan perjumpaan burung menunjukkan kemungkinan keberadaan elang jawa di Pulau Bali. Hal ini menjadi tantangan konservasi karena individu di Bali mungkin terisolasi dari populasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memetakan potensi distribusi elang jawa di Pulau Bali, menganalisis keberadaan terkini dan kesesuaian habitatnya serta menyusun rekomendasi pengelolaan lingkungan terhadap keberadaan elang jawa. Metode yang digunakan terdiri dari tiga tahap. Pertama, pemetaan potensi distribusi dan patch habitat elang jawa di Pulau Bali menggunakan model regresi logistik dengan variabel kelerengan, ketinggian, dan NDVI. Hasil model kemudian dikonfirmasi dengan informasi dari narasumber kunci dan data hutan konservasi berdasarkan World Database for Protected Areas (WDPA). Kedua, dilakukan patch occupancy survey untuk mengonfirmasi keberadaan elang jawa dan mengevaluasi kesesuaian habitatnya dibandingkan dengan habitat aslinya di Pulau Jawa. Terakhir, rekomendasi pengelolaan disusun berdasarkan hasil pemetaan, survei dan keterangan dari petugas lapangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa elang jawa terkonsentrasi di hutan dataran tinggi dan pegunungan di enam kabupaten, yaitu Jembrana, Buleleng, Bangli, Karangasem, Badung, dan Tabanan, dengan luas total 1.069,4 km². Sebanyak 14 patch habitat potensial diidentifikasi, lima di antaranya berada dalam kawasan konservasi. Patch Occupancy Survey yang dilakukan pada enam patch mengonfirmasi keberadaan elang jawa di tiga patch, sementara tiga lainnya tidak terkonfirmasi. Dari enam patch yang disurvei, dua dikategorikan sangat sesuai, satu sesuai, dan tiga cukup sesuai sebagai habitat elang jawa. Selama survei, tiga individu elang jawa berhasil diamati. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, direkomendasikan agar elang jawa dimasukkan dalam mandat konservasi prioritas di Bali, dilakukan peningkatan konservasi berbasis komunitas, serta diusulkan pembangunan koridor habitat antara dua patch yang berdekatan untuk mendukung konektivitas populasi.

The Javan Hawk-Eagle (Nisaetus bartelsi) is a diurnal bird of prey endemic to Indonesia. As of 2024, this species is known to inhabit both primary and secondary forests in mountainous areas with steep slopes on Java Island. However, field information, including reports from academics, local birdwatchers in Bali, and bird sighting records, indicates the possible presence of the Javan Hawk-Eagle in Bali. This raises a conservation concern, as the species is critically endangered and may exist in an isolated habitat, separated from other individuals in its actual range on Java Island. This study aims to map the potential distribution of the Javan hawk-eagle in Bali Island, analyze its current presence and habitat suitability, and develop environmental management recommendations to support its conservation. The methodology consists of three stages. The first stage involves mapping the potential distribution of the Javan Hawk-Eagle and its patch habitats in Bali. This mapping is based on a logistic regression model using three variables: slope, elevation, and NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index). The mapping results from the model were then delineated using key informant reports on the presence of the Javan Hawk-Eagle in Bali and conservation forest areas based on the World Database for Protected Areas (WDPA). The potential distribution map and patch habitats were then subjected to a Patch Occupancy Survey to confirm the presence of the Javan Hawk-Eagle in the designated patches and assess their habitat suitability in comparison to the species' actual habitat in Java. Finally, environmental management recommendations were formulated based on the mapping and survey results. The results of the potential distribution mapping and patch habitat identification indicate that the Javan Hawk-Eagle is concentrated in forested highland and mountainous areas across six regencies: Jembrana, Buleleng, Bangli, Karangasem, Badung, and Tabanan, covering a total area of 1,069.4 km². A total of 14 potential patch habitats were identified, with five of them located within conservation forests. The patch occupancy survey that conducted in six patches confirmed the presence of the Javan Hawk-Eagle in three patches, while its presence remained unconfirmed in another three patches. Among the six surveyed patches, two were classified as highly suitable habitats, one as suitable, and three as moderately suitable for the Javan Hawk-Eagle. During the survey, three individual Javan Hawk-Eagles were observed. Based on the mapping and survey results, this study recommends incorporating the Javan Hawk-Eagle into Bali Province’s priority conservation mandate, enhancing community-based conservation efforts, and proposing habitat corridor connectivity between two adjacent patches.