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http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/166786| Title: | Pengaruh Pemberian Minuman Pemulihan “Milkona” terhadap Performa Fisik Atlet Remaja Sepak Bola |
| Other Titles: | The Effect of Recovery Drink “Milkona” on the Physical Performance of Adolescent Soccer Athletes |
| Authors: | Setiawan, Budi Marliyati, Sri Anna Mardatillah, Mutiah |
| Issue Date: | 2025 |
| Publisher: | IPB University |
| Abstract: | Gizi olahraga memegang peran krusial dalam mengoptimalkan proses pelatihan, performa, pencegahan cedera, serta pemulihan pada atlet, khususnya pada atlet remaja yang memiliki kebutuhan gizi khusus akibat tuntutan aktivitas fisik intensif dan proses pertumbuhan serta perkembangan. Namun, pengetahuan gizi atlet remaja masih rendah dan sebagian besar mengalami defisit energi yang dalam jangka panjang dapat berdampak negatif terhadap performa atlet. Performa atlet sangat dipengaruhi oleh kebugaran jasmani, terutama VO2max, kekuatan otot, serta ketahanan otot, yang berkontribusi terhadap kemampuan melakukan aktivitas olahraga secara optimal. Oleh karena itu, strategi pemulihan diperlukan untuk membantu atlet mencukupi kebutuhan gizi. Susu mengandung asam amino esensial untuk sintesis protein, kakao mengandung flavanol sebagai antioksidan, pisang
menyediakan karbohidrat dan vitamin B kompleks untuk metabolisme energi, sementara gulo puan, produk tradisional dari susu kerbau asal Sumatera Selatan, berpotensi sebagai alternatif pemanis. Pengembangan produk minuman pemulihan berbahan dasar susu, pisang, bubuk kakao, dan gulo puan dapat menjadi solusi inovatif dalam memenuhi kebutuhan gizi selama masa pemulihan pasca olahraga sekaligus berkontribusi terhadap peningkatan performa atlet pada sesi latihan atau kompetisi berikutnya. Penelitian ini secara umum bertujuan untuk mengembangkan produk minuman pemulihan “Milkona” dan menganalisis pengaruhnya terhadap performa
fisik atlet remaja. Secara khusus penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) menentukan formula terpilih berdasarkan kesukaan panelis melalui uji organoleptik, (2) menganalisis profil asam amino dan profil gula (glukosa, sukrosa, fruktosa) minuman pemulihan “Milkona” yang dikembangkan, (3) mengidentifikasi karakteristik subjek (usia, status gizi, asupan zat gizi, dan aktivitas fisik), (4) menganalisis pengaruh pemberian minuman pemulihan “Milkona” terhadap performa VO2max, kekuatan otot, ketahanan otot, dan delayed onset muscle
soreness (DOMS) subjek. Penelitian ini terdiri dari dua tahap yaitu penelitian tahap 1 untuk pengembangan minuman pemulihan “Milkona” dan penelitian tahap 2 untuk intervensi minuman pemulihan “Milkona” pada atlet remaja sepak bola. Penelitian tahap pertama menggunakan desain Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan satu
faktor, yaitu kombinasi jumlah susu low fat dan pisang pada setiap formula. Terdapat tiga perlakuan, yaitu: F1 (susu low fat 450 g dan pisang 50 g), F2 (susu low fat 425 g dan pisang 75 g), dan F3 (susu low fat 400 g dan pisang 100 g). Penentuan formula terpilih dilakukan dengan uji organoleptik oleh 30 panelis semi terlatih dari mahasiswa gizi IPB. Formula yang terpilih kemudian dilanjutkan dengan analisis profil gula dan profil asam amino. Plasebo untuk kelompok kontrol dibuat menggunakan susu low fat, CMC, pewarna makanan cokelat, perisa cokelat, dan perisa pisang. Uji ANOVA digunakan untuk menganalisis pengaruh perbedaan perlakuan pada minuman pemulihan “Milkona” terhadap tingkat kesukaan panelis. Tidak terdapat perbedaan nyata pada tingkat kesukaan panelis terhadap seluruh parameter sensori yang diuji (warna, aroma, kekentalan, rasa, mouthfeel, aftertaste, dan keseluruhan) (p>0,05). F2 cenderung memiliki nilai rata-rata hedonik tertinggi hampir di seluruh parameter, seperti warna (7,74±1,19), aroma (7,56±1,30), dan keseluruhan (6,92±1,63), yang menunjukkan tingkat penerimaan dan kesukaan panelis yang lebih baik dibandingkan F1 dan F3, sehingga F2 dipilih sebagai formula terbaik. Berdasarkan hasil uji mutu hedonik minuman pemulihan “Milkona”, terdapat perbedaan pada parameter kekentalan, rasa, dan mouthfeel (p<0,05). F3 menjadi formula yang memiliki rasa lebih manis, lebih kental, dan mouthfeel yang lebih kuat dibanding F1 dan F2. Hasil analisis menunjukkan kadar gula (glukosa, fruktosa, dan sukrosa) belum dapat dipastikan karena konsentrasinya berada di bawah batas deteksi. Minuman pemulihan “Milkona” mengandung 8,61 g total asam amino esensial dan 1,79 g leusin dalam 530 g atau satu takaran saji. Hal ini menunjukkan minuman pemulihan “Milkona” mengandung cukup asam amino esensial sesuai rekomendasi (1-3 g leusin dan 6-15 g asam amino esensial) untuk mendukung sintesis protein otot dan pemulihan setelah latihan.
Penelitian tahap 2 dilakukan pada 20 subjek yang dibagi menjadi kelompok kontrol dan kelompok perlakuan. Subjek melakukan pengukuran VO2max, kekuatan otot, dan ketahanan otot pada 2 kesempatan: sebelum latihan pada hari 1 sebagai pengukuran pretest dan waktu yang sama pada hari 6 sebagai pengukuran posttest. VO2max diukur dengan metode Bleep Test, kekuatan otot diukur menggunakan handgrip dynamometer dan digital vertical jum meter, ketahanan otot diukur dengan Muscular Fitness Test. Pengukuran DOMS menggunakan Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) yang dilakukan setiap sebelum latihan, segera setelah latihan, 24 jam, dan 48 jam setelah latihan. Pemberian intervensi dilakukan selama 5 hari setiap setelah latihan rutin atlet. Analisis data VO2max, kekuatan otot, dan ketahanan otot dilakukan menggunakan Paired-Samples T Test dan Independent-Samples T Test. Data DOMS dianalisis menggunakan ANOVA Repeated Measures dan Independent-Samples T Test.
Minuman pemulihan “Milkona” secara signifikan dapat meningkatkan performa kekuatan otot tangan (p=0,018), lompat vertikal (p=0,029), dan ketahanan otot (p=0,044) subjek kelompok perlakuan. Tidak ada perbedaan performa kekuatan otot tangan, lompat vertikal, ketahanan otot, dan VO2max (p>0,05) yang signifikan antara kelompok perlakuan dan kontrol. Namun nilai delta menunjukkan kelompok perlakuan yang diberikan minuman pemulihan “Milkona” memiliki kecenderungan peningkatan skor kekuatan otot tangan, lompat vertikal, dan ketahanan otot yang lebih besar dibanding kelompok kontrol. Tidak ada perbedaan signifikan antara DOMS tubuh bagian atas dan tubuh bagian bawah sebelum latihan, setelah latihan, 24 jam setelah latihan, dan 48 jam setelah latihan antara kelompok kontrol dan perlakuan. Namun nyeri otot tubuh bagian atas pada kelompok perlakuan menurun secara signifikan 24 jam setelah latihan, sedangkan nyeri otot tubuh bagian atas pada kelompok kontrol baru menurun secara signifikan 48 jam setelah latihan. Sports nutrition plays a crucial role in optimizing training processes, enhancing performance, preventing injuries, and supporting recovery, especially in adolescent athletes who have specific nutritional needs due to the demands of intense physical activity and ongoing growth and development. However, nutritional knowledge among adolescent athletes remains low, and most experience an energy deficit that, over time, can negatively impact their athletic performance. Athletic performance is significantly influenced by physical fitness, particularly VO2max, muscle strength, and muscular endurance, which contribute to the ability to perform sports activities optimally. Therefore, recovery strategies are essential to help athletes meet their nutritional requirements. Milk contains essential amino acids for protein synthesis, cocoa provides flavanols with antioxidant properties, bananas offer carbohydrates and B-complex vitamins for energy metabolism, and gulo puan, a traditional buffalo milk product from South Sumatra, holds potential as a natural sweetener. Developing a recovery drink based on milk, banana, cocoa powder, and gulo puan may offer an innovative solution to meet nutritional needs during post-exercise recovery while also contributing to improved athletic performance in subsequent training sessions or competitions. This study aims to develop the recovery drink "Milkona" and analyze its effects on the physical performance of adolescent athletes. Specifically, the objectives are to (1) determine the preferred formulation based on panelist preference through organoleptic testing, (2) analyze the amino acid and sugar profiles (glucose, sucrose, fructose) of the developed "Milkona" drink, (3) identify subject characteristics (age, nutritional status, nutrient intake, and physical activity), and (4) assess the effects of "Milkona" consumption on VO2max, muscle strength, muscular endurance, and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) in the subjects. This study consisted of two stages: the first stage focused on the development of the recovery drink “Milkona,” and the second stage involved the intervention of the “Milkona” recovery drink in adolescent football athletes. The first stage of the study employed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with one factor, namely the combination of low-fat milk and banana in each formulation. There were three treatments: F1 (450 g low-fat milk and 50 g banana), F2 (425 g low-fat milk and 75 g banana), and F3 (400 g low-fat milk and 100 g banana). The selection of the best formula was determined through an organoleptic test conducted by 30 semi-trained panelists from the Department of Nutrition, IPB University. The selected formula was further analyzed for its sugar profile and amino acid composition. The placebo for the control group was formulated using low-fat milk, CMC, chocolate food coloring, chocolate flavoring, and banana flavoring. ANOVA was used to analyze the effect of treatment differences in the “Milkona” recovery drink on panelists’ preference levels. No significant differences were found in the panelists’ preference levels across all sensory parameters tested (color, aroma, thickness, taste, mouthfeel, aftertaste, and overall acceptance) (p>0.05). F2 tended to have the highest mean hedonic scores in almost all parameters, such as color (7.74±1.19), aroma (7.56±1.30), and overall acceptance (6.92±1.63), indicating better acceptance and preference compared to F1 and F3. Therefore, F2 was selected as the best formulation. Based on the hedonic quality test of the “Milkona” recovery drink, significant differences were found in the parameters of thickness, taste, and mouthfeel (p<0.05). F3 was the formulation that exhibited a sweeter taste, greater thickness, and stronger mouthfeel compared to F1 and F2. The sugar profile analysis (glucose, fructose, and sucrose) showed concentrations below the detection limit. The “Milkona” recovery drink contains 8.61 g of total essential amino acids and 1.79 g of leucine per 530 g serving. These values indicate that the “Milkona” recovery drink contains sufficient essential amino acids in accordance with the recommended amounts (1–3 g leucine and 6–15 g essential amino acids) to support muscle protein synthesis and post-exercise recovery. Stage 2 involved 20 subjects divided into a control group and an intervention group. Subjects underwent measurements of VO2max, muscular strength, and muscular endurance at two time points: before training on day 1 (pretest) and at the same time on day 6 (posttest). VO2max was assessed using the Bleep Test, muscular strength was measured using a handgrip dynamometer and a digital vertical jump meter, muscular endurance was measured using the Muscular Fitness Test (MFT). DOMS was assessed using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) before training, immediately after, 24 hours, and 48 hours post-exercise. The intervention was administered over 5 days, immediately after each routine training session. Data for VO2max, muscular strength, and muscular endurance were analyzed using Paired-Samples T Tests and Independent-Samples T Tests. DOMS data were analyzed using Repeated Measures ANOVA and Independent-Samples T Tests. The “Milkona” recovery drink significantly improved handgrip strength (p=0.018), vertical jump performance (p=0.029), and muscular endurance (p=0.044) in the intervention group. There were no significant differences between the intervention and control groups in handgrip strength, vertical jump, muscular endurance, and VO2max (p>0.05). However, delta scores indicated a greater improvement tendency in the intervention group. No significant differences were observed in upper or lower body DOMS at any time point between the two groups. Nevertheless, upper body muscle soreness in the intervention group significantly decreased 24 hours after exercise, while in the control group, the decrease occurred only after 48 hours. |
| URI: | http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/166786 |
| Appears in Collections: | MT - Human Ecology |
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