Dampak Tarif Impor dan Kebijakan Non-Tarif terhadap Ekspor Pala Indonesia ke Negara Tujuan Utama

Abstract

World Trade Organization (WTO) berhasil melakukan liberalisasi perdagangan dengan menurunkan penerapan tarif impor barang. Seiring dengan penurunan tarif impor, terjadi peningkatan penerapan kebijakan non-tarif. Kebijakan non-tarif didominasi oleh pemberlakuan regulasi Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) dan Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT). Selama periode 2014–2023, nilai ekspor pala Indonesia mengalami fluktuasi dengan penurunan nilai ekspor pada periode 2014–2016 dan 2021–2023. Hal tersebut diduga karena adanya tarif impor dan kebijakan non-tarif berupa SPS dan TBT di negara tujuan ekspor. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pemberlakuan tarif impor dan kebijakan non-tarif yang diterapkan negara tujuan ekspor utama pala Indonesia, serta menganalisis dampak tarif impor, kebijakan non-tarif, dan faktor-faktor lainnya terhadap ekspor pala Indonesia ke negara tujuan utama. Analisis dilakukan dengan metode analisis deskriptif, inventory approach, dan regresi data panel. Hasil inventory approach menunjukkan penerapan kebijakan SPS dan TBT terhadap ekspor pala Indonesia memiliki cakupan yang luas, meskipun tidak diterapkan secara konsisten oleh negara tujuan ekspor. Hasil estimasi regresi data panel menunjukkan PDB riil Indonesia, PDB riil negara tujuan ekspor, harga ekspor, jarak geografis, nilai tukar, dan coverage ratio SPS berpengaruh signifikan terhadap nilai ekspor pala Indonesia. Sementara, tarif impor dan coverage ratio TBT tidak berpengaruh pada nilai ekspor pala Indonesia.

The World Trade Organization (WTO) has successfully promoted trade liberalization by reducing the application of import tariffs. Alongside this reduction, there has been an increase in the use of non-tariff measures, which are predominantly represented by Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) regulations and Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT). During the period 2014–2023, Indonesia’s nutmeg export value fluctuated, with notable declines in 2014–2016 and 2021–2023. These declines are suspected to be influenced by the imposition of import tariffs and non-tariff measures such as SPS and TBT by importing countries. This study aims to analyze the implementation of import tariffs and non-tariff measures imposed by Indonesia’s main export destination countries, as well as to examine the effects of these policies and other factors on Indonesia’s nutmeg exports. The analysis employs descriptive methods, an inventory approach, and panel data regression. The inventory approach results show that SPS and TBT measures applied to Indonesia's nutmeg exports have wide coverage, although they are not consistently enforced by importing countries. Panel data regression results indicate that Indonesia's real GDP, the real GDP of importing countries, export prices, geographical distance, exchange rates, and the SPS coverage ratio significantly affect the value of Indonesia’s nutmeg exports. In contrast, import tariffs and the TBT coverage ratio have no significant effect on export value.