Pemantauan Berbiak Kangkareng Hitam melalui Pengembangan Passive Acoustics Monitoring (PAM) dan Community-Based Monitoring (CBM)

Abstract

Kangkareng hitam (Anthracoceros malayanus), seperti rangkong lainnya, memiliki peran penting secara ekologi, sosial-budaya, dan ekonomi. Namun, populasinya terancam oleh perburuan dan hilangnya habitat. Upaya konservasi terhambat oleh minimnya data ekologi berbiak dan lambatnya inovasi pemantauan. Informasi ekologi berbiak umumnya diperoleh melalui Scientific-Based Monitoring (SBM) dengan pendekatan konvensional seperti pengamatan langsung, yang berpotensi mengganggu satwa. Teknik ini berpeluang lebih optimal jika dikombinasikan dengan Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM), metode non-invasif berbasis rekaman suara. Sementara itu, pendekatan Community-Based Monitoring (CBM) yang melibatkan masyarakat lokal dinilai mampu meningkatkan efektivitas pendataan sekaligus membangun kesadaran konservas. Desa Batu Lintang, yang telah menerapkan CBM, mencatat keberadaan sarang kangkareng hitam, menjadi lokasi ideal untuk penelitian ini meskipun saat ini sarang belum diketahui kondisinya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis: 1) kondisi sarang kangkareng hitam di Desa Batu Lintang; 2) perilaku dan komposisi pakan kangkareng hitam selama bersarang; 3) tipe-tipe suara kangkareng hitam selama bersarang; dan 4) integrasi PAM dan pengamatan langsung (SBM) dengan CBM untuk pengembangan pemantauan berkelanjutan. Penelitian dilakukan di Dusun Sungai Utik dan Pulan, Desa Batu Lintang, Kapuas Hulu, Kalimantan Barat, pada Agustus–Desember 2024. Pengamatan mencakup evaluasi kondisi dan status 14 sarang, observasi perilaku berbiak, serta uji coba PAM di satu sarang aktif. Lokasi sarang dipetakan menggunakan QGIS melalui overlay titik koordinat pada peta kontur. Perbedaan kondisi sarang (layak atau rusak) dianalisis berdasarkan enam parameter dimensi pohon dan lubang menggunakan statistik deskriptif dan uji Mann–Whitney U. Analisis konteks perilaku dan tipe vokalisasi dilakukan dengan Behavioral Contextual Analysis (BCA) terhadap hasil rekaman PAM. Karakter vokal (jantan, betina, anakan) dan non-vokal (kepakan sayap) dianalisis secara deskriptif, lalu diuji menggunakan uji-t dua-sampel dan non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) di R. Implementasi CBM dianalisis melalui studi kasus dan telaah dokumen Rangkong Indonesia, dilengkapi wawancara mendalam, dan divisualisasikan dalam diagram alir. Integrasi SBM dan CBM dievaluasi melalui matriks ketersediaan data untuk menilai efektivitas masing-masing pendekatan dalam memahami ekologi berbiak kangkareng hitam. Berdasarkan 14 sarang kangkareng hitam yang teridentifikasi, mayoritas (71%) berada di hutan peralihan rawa-kerangas dan sisanya di hutan sekunder bekas ladang. Tujuh sarang dikategorikan layak (lima diantaranya aktif) dan tujuh mengalami kerusakan. Sarang layak memiliki diameter batang, diameter horizontal lubang, dan ketinggian sarang yang lebih kecil. sarang S014 di Pulan menjadi yang pertama aktif pada 17 Oktober 2024. Di sarang ini, tercatat 679 perilaku, didominasi kunjungan jantan (rata-rata 8.1 kali/hari) untuk pemberian pakan (83%) dan material sarang (17%). Indikasi kompetisi antar individu dan spesies juga tercatat pada sarang tersebut. Jantan memberikan 1083 item pakan (rata-rata 6.91 pakan/jam), dengan komposisi 22% ara, 51% buah non-ara, dan 27% hewan kecil. Perekaman suara 24 jam menghasilkan 140 file berdurasi total 1680 jam, mengidentifikasi 11 tipe vokalisasi dan membedakan karakter suara jantan, betina, dan anakan secara statistik. Kolaborasi SBM dan CBM memperkuat validitas data dan menghasilkan informasi menyeluruh tentang perilaku, vokalisasi, pakan, dan dinamika bersarang kangkareng hitam.

The black hornbill (Anthracoceros malayanus), like other hornbill species, plays an important ecological, socio-cultural, and economic role. However, its population is threatened by hunting and habitat loss. Conservation efforts are hindered by the limited availability of breeding ecology data and the slow adoption of monitoring innovations. Breeding ecology information is generally obtained through Scientific-Based Monitoring (SBM), using conventional methods such as direct observation, which may disturb the species. This method can be optimized by integrating it with Passive Acoustics Monitoring (PAM), a non-invasive approach based on sound recordings. Meanwhile, Community-Based Monitoring (CBM), which involves local communities, is considered effective in improving data collection and enhancing conservation awareness. Batu Lintang Village, which has implemented CBM and recorded the presence of black hornbill nests, serves as an ideal site for this study, although the current condition of the nests remains unknown. This study aims to analyze: (1) the condition and suitability of black hornbill nests in Batu Lintang Village; (2) the species' nesting behavior and diet composition; (3) the types of vocalizations produced during the nesting period; and (4) the integration of PAM and direct observation (as part of SBM) with CBM for sustainable monitoring development. This study was conducted in Sungai Utik and Pulan hamlets, Batu Lintang Village, Kapuas Hulu District, West Kalimantan, from August to December 2024. Observations included the evaluation of condition and activity status of 14 nests, direct observations of nesting behavior, and a PAM trial on one active nest. Nest locations were mapped using QGIS by overlaying coordinate points onto topographic contour maps. Differences in nest condition (suitable or damaged) were analyzed based on six parameters of tree and cavity dimensions using descriptive statistics and the Mann–Whitney U-test. Behavioral context and vocalization types were analyzed using Behavioral Contextual Analysis (BCA) of the PAM recordings. Vocal characteristics (male, female, chick) and non-vocal sounds (wingbeats) were analyzed descriptively and tested using two-sample t-tests and non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) in R. CBM implementation was assessed through a case study and document analysis of Rangkong Indonesia, the NGO initiating CBM in Batu Lintang, complemented by in-depth interviews and visualized in a flow diagram. The integration of SBM and CBM was evaluated through a data availability matrix to assess the effectiveness of each approach in understanding black hornbill breeding ecology. Based on 14 black hornbill nests identified, the majority (71%) located in transitional swamp–kerangas forests and the remainder in secondary fallow forests. Seven nests were deemed suitable (five of which were active), while the others were damaged. Suitable nests had smaller tree diameter, horizontal cavity diameter, and cavity height. Nest S014 in Pulan was the first to become active, on 17 October 2024. At this nest, 679 behaviors were recorded, dominated by male visits (average 8.1 times/day) for food delivery (83%) and nesting materials (17%). Evidence of inter-individual and interspecific competition was also documented. The male delivered 1083 food items (average 6.91 items/hour), consisting of 22% figs, 51% non-fig fruits, and 27% small animals. A 24-hour acoustic recording yielded 140 files totaling 1680 hours, identifying 11 vocalization types and statistically distinguishing male, female, and chick calls. The integration of SBM and CBM strengthened data validity and provided comprehensive insights into the behavior, vocalizations, diet, and nesting dynamics of the black hornbill.