Daya Saing dan Aliran Perdagangan Tuna Indonesia di Pasar Internasional

Abstract

Indonesia merupakan produsen tuna terbesar di dunia dan eksportir tuna global. Meskipun demikian, daya saing produk tuna Indonesia di pasar internasional masih menghadapi berbagai tantangan. Meski volume ekspor fillet beku tinggi, nilai ekspor Indonesia masih lemah karena harga yang rendah sehingga perlu peningkatan nilai tambah dan kualitas produk. Ekspor tuna olahan Indonesia menurun meski permintaan global terus meningkat. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis daya saing serta faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi ekspor fillet tuna beku dan tuna olahan Indonesia di pasar internasional. Metode yang digunakan adalah Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) dan Gravity Model. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fillet tuna beku dan tuna olahan Indonesia memiliki daya saing kuat di sembilan negara, kecuali fillet tuna beku di Jepang dan tuna olahan di Spanyol. Volume ekspor fillet tuna beku dipengaruhi secara positif dan signifikan oleh GDP per kapita negara tujuan serta nilai RCA, sedangkan jarak, nilai tukar, dan NTMs berpengaruh negatif signifikan. Tarif impor tidak berpengaruh signifikan. Pada komoditas tuna olahan, GDP per kapita dan nilai RCA berpengaruh positif signifikan, sementara nilai tukar berpengaruh negatif signifikan dan tarif impor tidak menunjukkan pengaruh yang signifikan.

Indonesia is the world's largest producer and exporter of tuna. However, Indonesian tuna products face various challenges in the international market. Although export volume is high, Indonesia's export value remains weak due to low price structures, highlighting the need to enhance the value added and quality of frozen fillet products. Despite continued growth in global demand, Indonesian processed tuna exports have declined. This study aims to analyse the competitiveness of Indonesian frozen tuna fillets and processed tuna in the international market and the factors influencing them. The methods used are the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and the Gravity Model. The results indicate that Indonesian frozen tuna fillets and processed tuna are highly competitive in nine countries, except Japan for frozen tuna fillets and Spain for processed tuna. Frozen tuna fillet exports are positively and significantly influenced by the destination country's GDP per capita and RCA value. Distance, exchange rates, and NTMs significantly impact exports negatively. Import tariffs do not have a significant impact. For processed tuna products, GDP per capita and the RCA value have a positive impact, while the exchange rate has a negative impact. Import tariffs do not have a significant impact.