Status Ekologi dan Strategi Pengelolaan Ekosistem Mangrove Berbasis Komunitas Makrozoobentos di Desa Teluk Bogam, Kalimantan Tengah

Abstract

Komunitas makrozoobentos dapat menjadi bioindikator dalam menilai kesehatan ekosistem mangrove karena sensitivitasnya terhadap perubahan lingkungan perairan dan gangguan ekologis. Tekanan antropogenik pada ekosistem mangrove di Desa Teluk Bogam berpotensi menurunkan kualitas perairan. Namun, hingga saat ini belum ada studi yang mengkaji keberadaan komunitas makrozoobentos dalam merespons gangguan ekologis di ekosistem mangrove Desa Teluk Bogam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis status ekologi ekosistem mangrove berbasis komunitas makrozoobentos, serta merancang strategi pengelolaannya di Desa Teluk Bogam, Kalimantan Tengah. Pengambilan sampel makrozoobentos dan pengukuran kualitas air dilakukan pada bulan Maret 2024, Juni 2024, September 2024, dan Januari 2025 di tiga stasiun pengamatan di kawasan ekosistem mangrove Desa Teluk Bogam, Kumai, Kotawaringin Barat, Kalimantan Tengah. Pengumpulan data meliputi, sampel makrozoobentos, kondisi mangrove, dan kualitas air. Analisis data meliputi struktur komunitas makrozoobentos, indeks biotik AMBI dan M-AMBI (AZTI’s Marine Biotic Index), serta Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Makrozoobentos di lokasi penelitian terdiri dari kelas Gastropoda, Bivalvia, dan Polychaeta. Struktur komunitas makrozoobentos tergolong stabil dengan indeks keanekaragaman sedang (H’=2,04-2,06), keseragaman tinggi (E=0,92-0,97), dan dominansi rendah (D=0,13-0,14). Analisis PCA menunjukkan bahwa kepadatan makrozoobentos berkaitan erat dengan kondisi perairan (kekeruhan dan TSS) dan kerapatan mangrove. Analisis AMBI dan M-AMBI menunjukkan bahwa makrozoobentos didominasi oleh Ecological Group I dan II yang mengindikasikan kondisi ekologis ekosistem mangrove yang baik dengan komunitas bentik yang sehat. Strategi pengelolaan yang dapat direkomendasi, antara lain pengembangan ekowisata mangrove, pengembangan silvofishery, penetapan zonasi fungsi kawasan mangrove, dan pengendalian erosi tanah di hulu.

Macrozoobenthos communities can serve as bioindicators in assessing the health of mangrove ecosystems due to their sensitivity to changes in aquatic environments and ecological disturbances. Anthropogenic pressures on the mangrove ecosystem in Teluk Bogam Village have the potential to degrade water quality. However, to date, no studies have examined the presence of macrozoobenthos communities in response to ecological disturbances within the mangrove ecosystem of Teluk Bogam Village. This study aims to analyze the ecological status of the mangrove ecosystem based on macrozoobenthos communities and to develop management strategies for the mangrove area in Teluk Bogam Village, Central Kalimantan. Macrozoobenthos sampling and water quality measurements were conducted in March 2024, June 2024, September 2024, and January 2025 at three observation stations within the mangrove ecosystem area of Teluk Bogam Village, Kumai Subdistrict, West Kotawaringin Regency, Central Kalimantan. Data collection included macrozoobenthos samples, mangrove conditions, and water quality parameters. Data analysis covered macrozoobenthos community structure, biotic indices (AMBI and M-AMBI – AZTI’s Marine Biotic Index), and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Macrozoobenthos in the study area consisted of the classes Gastropoda, Bivalvia, and Polychaeta. The community structure was categorized as stable, with moderate diversity (H’=2,04–2,06), high evenness (E=0,92–0,97), and low dominance (D=0,13–0,14). PCA results showed that macrozoobenthos density was strongly associated with water conditions (turbidity and total suspended solids) and mangrove density. Analysis using AMBI and M-AMBI indicated that the macrozoobenthos community was dominated by Ecological Groups I and II, which reflect a healthy benthic community and a good ecological condition of the mangrove ecosystem. Recommended management strategies include the development of mangrove-based ecotourism, sustainable silvofishery practices, the establishment of functional zoning within mangrove areas, and erosion control in upstream regions.