Studi Infestasi Lipas dan Peranan Pentingnya pada Berbagai Instansi di Lingkungan Permukiman

Abstract

Lipas sebagai hama permukiman menimbulkan gangguan fisik, psikis, serta kerugian sosial dan ekonomi. Sebagai serangga omnivora, mereka mampu menularkan sekitar 65 jenis mikroorganisme patogen, seperti bakteri, jamur, protozoa, dan cacing parasit, yang menyebabkan penyakit menular seperti salmonellosis, disentri, dan kolera (WHO, 2022). Infestasi lipas berdampak signifikan terhadap kesehatan, terutama di tempat dengan standar kebersihan ketat seperti rumah sakit, restoran, dan perkantoran, serta dapat merusak reputasi instansi. Jenis lipas yang umum di Indonesia adalah Periplaneta americana dan Blattella germanica, sering ditemukan di rumah sakit, hotel, restoran, kapal, dan pesawat. Sebagai serangga nokturnal, mereka aktif di malam hari dan dapat mengontaminasi barang-barang tanpa disadari penghuninya. Penelitian terkait infestasi lipas di rumah sakit, restoran, dan perkantoran masih terbatas, namun sangat penting untuk mendukung pengendalian hama, menetapkan standar kebersihan, menjaga reputasi, dan meminimalkan risiko kesehatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi jenis lipas, menganalisis distribusi dan tingkat infestasinya, serta mengevaluasi hubungan antara pengetahuan, sikap, dan praktik staf terhadap infestasi dan pengendalian lipas di rumah sakit, restoran, dan perkantoran selama periode Maret hingga Juni 2024. Pengumpulan sampel lipas dilakukan melalui metode penyemprotan insektisida dan penggunaan perangkap lem yang ditempatkan di lokasi strategis, seperti toilet, pantri, saluran air, dan tempat pembuangan sampah (TPS). Perangkap diperiksa setiap dua minggu selama tiga bulan. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga menilai pengetahuan, sikap, dan praktik staf dari berbagai divisi terkait infestasi lipas. Hasil penelitian mengindikasikan bahwa P. americana paling sering ditemukan di tempat pembuangan sampah (TPS) dan saluran air, sedangkan B. germanica lebih dominan di pantri. P. americana terdeteksi di tiga rumah sakit (230 lipas), tiga restoran (168 lipas), dan tiga perkantoran (166 lipas), sementara B. germanica ditemukan di tiga rumah sakit (201 lipas), tiga restoran (65 lipas), dan tiga perkantoran (12 lipas). Lipas P. americana menunjukkan kelimpahan relatif dan frekuensi penangkapan tertinggi di setiap lokasi. Temuan ini menekankan pentingnya menjaga kebersihan di area TPS dan saluran air untuk mengurangi infestasi P. americana, sedangkan pemeliharaan kebersihan pantri diperlukan untuk mengendalikan populasi B. germanica. Penelitian ini melibatkan 90 responden dari rumah sakit, restoran, dan perkantoran untuk mengevaluasi pengetahuan, sikap, dan praktik terkait infestasi lipas. Meskipun pengetahuan staf sudah memadai, praktik pengendalian yang diterapkan sering kali tidak efektif. Pendekatan pengendalian lipas yang optimal menggabungkan metode insektisida dan non-insektisida, serta surveilans keberadaan lipas di rumah sakit, restoran, dan perkantoran ini sangat penting untuk menetapkan kebijakan pengendalian yang tepat dan efektif, yang dapat menurunkan risiko penularan penyakit, termasuk infeksi nosokomial, serta meningkatkan kebersihan, kesehatan, layanan, dan reputasi instansi.

Cockroaches, as residential pests, contribute to both physical and psychological distress as well as social and economic detriments. Omnivorous insects are vectors for approximately 65 types of pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and parasitic worms, which can lead to infectious diseases, such as salmonellosis, dysentery, and cholera (WHO, 2022). Infestations by these pests significantly impact health, particularly in environments with stringent hygiene requirements, such as hospitals, restaurants, and offices, potentially damaging institutional reputations. In Indonesia, the prevalent cockroach species include Periplaneta americana and Blattella germanica, which are commonly found in hospitals, hotels, restaurants, ships, and airplanes. Being nocturnal, these insects are active at night and can contaminate items without occupant awareness. Although research on cockroach infestations in hospitals, restaurants, and offices is limited, it is crucial to support pest control measures, establish hygiene standards, maintain reputation, and minimise health risks. This study sought to identify centipede species, analyse their distribution and infestation levels, and evaluate the relationship between staff knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding centipede infestation and control in hospitals, restaurants, and offices from March to June 2024. The specimens were collected through insecticide application and the deployment of glue traps in strategic locations, including toilets, pantries, drains, and garbage dumps. These traps were inspected biweekly over a three-month period. Additionally, this study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of staff from various divisions concerning centipede infestation. The research findings indicate that Periplaneta americana is predominantly found in garbage dumps (TPS) and waterways, whereas Blattella germanica is more prevalent in pantries. Specifically, P. americana was observed in three hospitals (230 individuals), three restaurants (168 individuals), and three offices (166 individuals), whereas B. germanica was identified in three hospitals (201 individuals), three restaurants (65 individuals), and three offices (12 individuals). P. americana exhibited the highest relative abundance and capture frequency across all institutions. These results underscore the critical importance of maintaining cleanliness in TPS areas and drainage systems to mitigate P. americana populations while ensuring that pantry hygiene is essential for controlling B. germanica. The study involved 90 respondents from hospitals, restaurants, and offices to assess their knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding centipede infestations. Despite staff's adequate knowledge, control practices are frequently ineffective. An optimal centipede control strategy that integrates both insecticidal and non-insecticidal methods, along with surveillance of centipede presence in hospitals, restaurants, and offices, is crucial for establishing effective control policies. Such measures can reduce the risk of disease transmission, including nosocomial infections, and enhance the cleanliness, health, services, and reputations of these institutions.