Analisis Kualitas Air dan Beban Pencemaran Sungai Cigunung di Kabupaten Sukabumi

Abstract

Pencemaran sungai merupakan isu lingkungan yang berdampak besar bagi kehidupan di daerah aliran sungai (DAS) dengan aktivitas manusia yang tinggi. Sungai Cigunung yang berada di Kabupaten Sukabumi, mengalami penurunan kualitas air akibat pencemaran dari limbah domestik, industri, pertanian, dan peternakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kondisi kualitas air Sungai Cigunung, mengetahui sumber pencemar dominan, dan menghitung beban pencemaran terhadap status kualitas air. Metode penelitian yang digunakan berupa pengambilan sampel fisik, kimia, biologi—lalu dianalisis—berdasarkan kajian data sekunder dari Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Kabupaten Sukabumi tahun 2023—2024 dan rumus indeks biotik Hilsenhoff (HBI). Hasil analisis data menunjukkan kualitas air Sungai Cigunung masih memenuhi baku mutu kelas I berdasarkan parameter TDS, TSS, pH, dan nitrat, tetapi kandungan BOD dan COD mengalami peningkatan karena pencemaran organik oleh aktivitas manusia. Status kualitas air berdasarkan sampel makrozoobentos menunjukkan kualitas air dalam kondisi baik—sangat baik. Penyumbang utama berdasarkan beban pencemaran air sungai terbesar berasal dari limbah industri diikuti limbah domestik, pertanian, dan peternakan.

River pollution is an environmental issue that has a major impact on life in river basins (DAS) with high human activity. The Cigunung River in Sukabumi Regency has experienced a decline in water quality due to pollution from domestic, industrial, agricultural, and livestock waste. This study aims to determine the condition of the Cigunung River water quality, determine the dominant sources of pollution, and calculate the pollution load on the water quality status. The research method used was physical, chemical, and biological sampling—then analyzed—based on secondary data studies from the Sukabumi Regency Environmental Service in 2023-2024 and the Hilsenhoff biotic index (HBI) formula. The results of the data analysis showed that the water quality of the Cigunung River still met class I quality standards based on TDS, TSS, pH, and nitrate parameters, but the BOD and COD content increased due to organic pollution by human activities. The water quality status based on macrozoobenthos samples showed that the water quality was in good-very good condition. The main contributor based on the largest river water pollution load came from industrial waste followed by domestic, agricultural, and livestock waste.