Remediasi Air Tercemar Minyak Bumi Menggunakan Oil Spill Dispersant dan Lemna minor pada Lahan basah Buatan

Abstract

Pencemaran minyak bumi akibat aktivitas industri merupakan masalah lingkungan yang signifikan, terutama ketika mencemari sumber daya air. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi efektivitas bioremediasi air yang terkontaminasi minyak bumi menggunakan Oil Spill Dispersant (OSD) dan tanaman Lemna minor dalam sistem lahan basah buatan skala laboratorium. Penelitian dilakukan dengan rancangan acak kelompok menggunakan kombinasi perlakuan Bio-OSD (berbasis minyak sawit) dan Non-Bio-OSD (berbasis minyak bumi) dengan berbagai rasio Dispersant to Oil Ratio (DOR). Parameter utama yang diukur mencakup Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5), serta analisis degradasi hidrokarbon menggunakan Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Bio-OSD lebih efektif dibandingkan Non-Bio-OSD dalam menurunkan kadar COD dan BOD5 air tercemar minyak bumi. Perlakuan terbaik dengan Bio-OSD DOR 0,1:1 mampu mengurangi COD sebesar 37,35% dan BOD5 sebesar 27,60%. Sedangkan presentase penurunan kadar COD dan BOD fitoremediasi menggunakan Non-Bio-OSD DOR 0:1 sebesar 16,85% dan 18,03%. Hasil analisis GC-MS terhadap Bio-OSD DOR 0:1:1 menunjukkan adanya degradasi hidrokarbon rantai panjang, seperti n-heksadekana dan nonadekana. Sementara itu, hasil GC-MS pada perlakuan Non-Bio-OSD DOR 0,1:1 masih menunjukkan keberadaan senyawa-senyawa rantai panjang tersebut dengan konsentrasi yang relatif tinggi. Meskipun sistem lahan basah buatan efektif dalam menurunkan COD dan BOD5, ditemukan bahwa biomassa Lemna minor mengalami sedikit penurunan selama proses fitoremediasi, menunjukkan adanya dampak toksik dari OSD terhadap tanaman. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan Oil Spill Dispersant (OSD) berpengaruh terhadap efektivitas proses fitoremediasi air tercemar minyak bumi dalam lahan basah buatan menggunakan Lemna minor. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa Bio-OSD lebih efektif dibandingkan Non-Bio-OSD dalam mempercepat degradasi hidrokarbon serta meningkatkan kualitas air. Dengan demikian, Bio-OSD dapat menjadi alternatif yang lebih ramah lingkungan dalam mitigasi tumpahan minyak di perairan. Untuk meningkatkan efektivitas remediasi, kondisi pertumbuhan tanaman perlu dioptimalkan agar dapat berkontribusi secara maksimal dalam proses remediasi yang berkelanjutan.

Petroleum pollution due to industrial activities has a significant environmental problem, mainly when it contaminates water resources. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of bioremediation of petroleum-contaminated water using oil spill dispersant (OSD) and Lemna minor plants in a laboratory-scale artificial wetland system. The study was conducted in a group randomized design using a combination of Bio-OSD (palm oil-based) and Non-Bio-OSD (petroleum-based) treatments with various Dispersant to Oil Ratios (DOR). The main parameters measured included Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5), and hydrocarbon degradation analysis using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that Bio-OSD was more effective than Non-Bio-OSD in reducing COD and BOD5 levels of petroleum-polluted water. The best treatment with Bio-OSD DOR 0.1:1 reduced COD by 37.35% and BOD5 atrocities by 27.60%. The percentage reduction in COD and BOD levels of phytoremediation using Non-Bio-OSD DOR 0:1 was 16.85% and 18.03%. The GC-MS analysis of Bio-OSD DOR 0:1:1 showed the degradation of long-chain hydrocarbons, such as n-hexadecane and nonadecane. Meanwhile, the GC-MS results of the Non-Bio-OSD DOR 0.1:1 treatment still showed the presence of these long-chain compounds with relatively high concentrations. Although the constructed wetland system was an effective in reducing COD and BOD5, Lemna minor's biomass decreased slightly during the phytoremediation process, indicating the toxic impact of OSD on plants. This study shows that the use of Oil Spill Dispersant (OSD) affects the effectiveness of the phytoremediation process of petroleum polluted water in artificial wetlands using Lemna minor. The analysis showed that Bio-OSD was more effective than Non-Bio-OSD in accelerating hydrocarbon degradation and improving water quality. Therefore Bio-OSD can be a more environmentally friendly alternative in mitigating oil spills in waters. To increase the effectiveness of remediation, plant growth conditions must be optimized to contribute maximally to a sustainable remediation process.