Kemasan Cerdas Berbasis Kitosan-Antosianin dengan Cellulose Nanofibers (CNF) dari Ampas Kurma sebagai Agen Penguat

Abstract

Ampas kurma sebagai residu industri pertanian tersedia melimpah dan belum dimanfaatkan secara optimum. Limbah pengolahan buah yang kaya serat tersebut telah mendapat perhatian untuk dijadikan bahan baku produksi nanoselulosa. Selulosa nanofibril (CNF) ampas kurma berpotensi memberikan efek penguatan dalam film kitosan. Secara sinergis, penambahan gliserol dapat mencapai kinerja mekanik film yang optimum. Paduan komposit dengan antosianin berpotensi diaplikasikan sebagai film kemasan cerdas yang responsif terhadap rentang pH kerusakan mutu susu segar. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan membuat kemasan cerdas berbasis kitosan/CNF/gliserol/antosianin, mengevaluasi penambahan gliserol dan CNF pada sifat fisik dan mekanik film kemasan, serta menganalisis potensi perubahan warna film kemasan cerdas yang responsif terhadap rentang pH kerusakan susu. Selulosa nanofibril yang terbuat dari ampas kurma diperoleh melalui praperlakuan basa, pemutihan, perlakuan asam, dan ultrasonikasi. Bahan penyusun komposit dihomogenisasi menggunakan homogenizer dan sonikator. Komposit diproduksi melalui metode solvent-casting. Analisis gugus fungsi, morfologi permukaan, kristalinitas, sifat fisik, dan sifat mekanik menjelaskan efek sinergis dari penambahan gliserol dan CNF pada film kitosan. Sifat fisik dan perubahan warna film dievaluasi dari komposit dengan penambahan antosianin. Komposit kitosan dengan penambahan gliserol, CNF, dan antosianin telah berhasil dibuat. Penambahan CNF dan gliserol menghasilkan efek sinergis yang berperan dalam memperbaiki sifat fisik dan mekanik film kitosan sebagai cerminan interaksi antarmuka dan homogenitas dispersi yang baik antara material penyusun komposit. Mengacu SNI 7188.7: 2016, penambahan 8% CNF pada komposit kitosan-gliserol dipilih sebagai formula optimum untuk dilanjutkan pada aplikasi kemasan cerdas. Penambahan antosianin menghasilkan komposit dengan permeabilitas uap air yang semakin rendah. Perubahan warna yang akurat oleh penambahan 3 g antosianin pada pH 4–7 mengindikasikan potensi komposit sebagai kemasan cerdas yang responsif terhadap rentang pH kerusakan susu berdasarkan transformasi struktur antosianin pada lingkungan pH yang berbeda.

Dates by-product as an agricultural industry residue is abundantly available and has not been optimally utilized. The fiber-rich fruit processing waste has received attention as a raw material for nanocellulose production. Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) from dates by-product has the potential to provide a reinforcing effect on chitosan films. Synergistically, the addition of glycerol can achieve optimum film mechanical performance. Composite with anthocyanins have the potential to be applied as intelligent packaging films that are responsive to the pH range of damage to fresh milk quality. Therefore, this study aims to make chitosan/CNF/glycerol/anthocyanin-based intelligent packaging, evaluate the addition of glycerol and CNF on the physical and mechanical properties of the packaging film, and analyze the potential for intelligent packaging film color changes that are responsive to the pH range of milk deterioration. Cellulose nanofibrils from date by-products were obtained through alkaline pretreatment, bleaching, acid treatment, and sonication. The composite constituent materials were homogenized using a homogenizer and sonicator. The composites were produced through the solvent-casting method. Analysis of functional groups, surface morphology, crystallinity, physical properties, and mechanical properties elucidated the synergistic effects of glycerol and CNF addition on chitosan films. The physical properties and discoloration of the films were evaluated by the composites with the addition of anthocyanins. Chitosan composites with glycerol, CNF, and anthocyanin were successfully obtained. The addition of CNF and glycerol produced a synergistic effect that improved the physical and mechanical properties of chitosan films as a reflection of the interfacial interaction and good dispersion homogeneity between the composite constituent materials. Referring to SNI 7188.7: 2016, the addition of 8% CNF to the chitosan-glycerol composite was chosen as the optimal formula to be continued for intelligent packaging applications. The addition of anthocyanin was found to decrease the permeability of the composite to water vapor. The accurate color change by the addition of 3 g of anthocyanins at pH 4 – 7 indicated the potential of the composite as an intelligent packaging responsive to the pH range of milk deterioration based on the transformation of anthocyanin structure at different pH environments.