Pests and Diseases of Cocoa and Their Management in Two Regions in South Sulawesi

Abstract

Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) merupakan salah satu komoditas perkebunan utama di Sulawesi Selatan dan banyak dikelola petani lokal. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis dan intensitas serangan hama dan penyakit utama tanaman kakao yang dikelola oleh petani dan perusahaan swasta di Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan. Penelitian dilakukan di dua blok di Pangkep dan dua kebun petani di Luwu Utara. Tanaman contoh diambil secara purposif sebanyak 20 tanaman per blok. Wawancara petani dilakukan untuk data budi daya kakao, pemeliharaan, dan pengelolaan hama dan penyakit. Pengamatan sampel hama dan penyakit dilakukan secara visual dan mikroskopis. Jenis hama dan penyakit yang ditemukan, dan pengelolaannya tidak jauh berbeda di kedua daerah tersebut. Hama utama yang ditemukan adalah Conopomorpha. cramerella, sedangkan hama minor yang ditemukan adalah Helopeltis sp., Planococcus sp., Xylosandrus sp., Toxoptera aurantii. Penyakit utama yang ditemukan adalah busuk buah dan kanker batang (Phytophthora palmivora), dan penyakit minor yang ditemukan adalah vascular streak dieback (Ceratobasidium theobromae), antraknosa (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides), Lasiodiplodia sp., Upasia salmonicolor. Busuk buah mengakibatkan kehilangan hasil 9,03% di Pangkep, sedangkan busuk buah Phytophthora dan penggerek buah kakao mengakibatkan kehilangan hasil yang nyata sekitar 13,75% dan 52,22% di Luwu Utara.

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is one of the main plantation commodities and in South Sulawesi is widely managed by local farmers. The objective of this study was to determine the type and intensity of attack of major pests and diseases of cocoa plants managed by farmers and private companies in South Sulawesi Province. The research was conducted in two blocks in Pangkep and two farms in North Luwu Regency. Sampling plants were taken purposively as many as 20 plants per block/farm. Farmer interviews were conducted for data on cocoa cultivation, maintenance, and pest and disease management. Observation of pest and disease samples were conducted visually and microscopically. There were slightly different in the occurrence of pests and diseases, and their management in the two regions. The main pest found was Conopomorpha cramerella, while the minor pests found were Helopeltis sp., Planococcus sp., Xylosandrus sp., Toxoptera aurantii. The main diseases found were Phytophthora pod rot and stem canker, and the minor diseases found were vascular streak dieback (Ceratobasidium theobromae), anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides), Lasiodiplodia sp., Upasia salmonicolor. Phytophthora pod rot caused yield losses 9,03% in Pangkep, whereas pod rot and cacao pod borer caused significant yield losses up to 13,75% and up to 52,22% in North Luwu.