Impact of Dietary Variation on Gut Microbiota Composition of Macaca fascicularis at the Primate Research Center, IPB University

Abstract

Long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis; LTMs), also known as crab eating macaques, are widespread in Southeast Asia and exhibit distinct dietary patterns in captivity and the wild. Captive LTMs, often fed commercial monkey chow and cultivated fruits, are prone to health issues like obesity and diarrhea due to dietary and habitat changes. In contrast, wild LTMs consume a diverse, natural diet that supports a healthier gut microbiome. This research aims to explore the relationship between different diets and gut microbiota profiles of LTMs in two locations: the Dramaga Captive Breeding Facility and Tinjil Island. The study was involving feeding treatment only for LTMs in Dramaga Captive Breeding Facility, then fecal sample collection from LTMs in both the Dramaga Captive Breeding Facility and Tinjil Island. Molecular activities were performed to extract DNA, followed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and bioinformatic analyses to identify and compare the gut microbiota composition. Captive LTMs exhibited higher gut microbiota diversity than semi-wild LTM. The results showed that Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, and Proteobacteria were dominant in the gut microbial communities of LTMs from both environments, with significant variations at the genera levels. The findings highlight significant differences in gut microbiota between wild and captive LTMs, influenced primarily by their diets. Wild LTM had a higher presence of Proteobacteria, particularly the genus Succinivibrio, associated with the digestion of high-fiber diets typical of their natural food sources. In contrast, captive LTMs, especially LTM in individual cage, exhibited higher Firmicutes/Bacteroidota ratio, which are often linked to carbohydrate-rich diets and potential obesity. Captive LTM in the group cage showed a slightly more balanced gut microbiota, likely due to a more varied diet and greater physical activity. The study emphasizes the need for high-fiber food supplementation in captive LTM diets to maintain gut health and prevent metabolic disorders. The distinct differences in gut microbiota composition between wild and captive LTMs underscore the importance of dietary management in maintaining a healthy gut microbiota balance and overall health in captive LTMs. This research provides valuable insights into the gut microbiota of LTMs in different environments, underscoring the significant impact of diet on their microbial composition and health. The results suggest that more comprehensive dietary strategies should be implemented for captive LTMs to mimic their natural diet as closely as possible. Future research should increase the number of animals studied and integrate comprehensive assessments of LTM behavior, physiological parameters, and microbiota composition for a more holistic understanding of their health dynamics. This approach would offer a broader perspective on how diet and environment shape the gut microbiota and overall health of LTMs, ultimately contributing to improved welfare and management practices for these primates in captivity.